Breath sampling during milk and feeding - Revision history

Bgolden at 10:45, 2 May 2025

2025-05-02T10:45:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:45, 2 May 2025
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	Several research groups have developed methods to measure CH<sub>4</sub> concentration in breath of cows during milking and/or feeding. These are often referred to as ‘sniffer methods’ because they use devices originally designed to detect dangerous gas leaks. Air is sampled near the animal’s nostrils through a tube fixed in a feed bin and connected directly to a gas analyser. The feed bin might be in an automatic milking station (Garnsworthy et al., 2012A<ref>Garnsworthy, P.C., Craigon, J., Hernandez-Medrano, J.H. and Saunders, H. 2012A. On-farm methane measurements during milking correlate with total methane production by individual dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95:3166-3180.</ref>, Garnsworthy et al., 2012B<ref>Garnsworthy, P.C., Craigon, J., Hernandez-Medrano, J.H., and Saunders, N. 2012B. Variation among individual dairy cows in methane measurements made on farm during milking. J. Dairy Sci. 95:3181–3189.</ref>; Lassen et al., 2012<ref>Lassen, J., Lovendahl, P., and Madsen, J. 2012. Accuracy of noninvasive breath methane measurements using Fourier transform infrared methods on individual cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95:890-898.</ref>; Pszczola et al., 2017<ref>Pszczola, M., Rzewuska, K., Mucha, S., and Strabel, T. 2017. Heritability of methane emissions from dairy cows over a lactation measured on commercial farms. J. Anim. Sci. 95:4813-4819. doi: 10.2527/jas2017.1842.</ref>) or in a concentrate feeding station (Negussie et al., 2017<ref>Negussie, E., Lehtinen, J., Mäntysaari, P., Bayat, A.R., Liinamo, A.E., Mäntysaari, E.A., and Lidauer, M.H. 2017. Non-invasive individual methane measurement in dairy cows. Animal 11:890-899.</ref>). Different research centres use different gas analysers (Nondispersive Infrared (NDIR), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) or photoacoustic infrared (PAIR)) and different sampling intervals (1, 5, 20 or 90-120 seconds). Methane concentration during a sampling visit of typically between 3 and 10 minutes may be specified as the overall mean, or the mean of eructation peaks. Some centres use CO<sub>2</sub> as a tracer gas and calculate daily CH<sub>4</sub> output according to ratio of CH<sub>4</sub> to CO<sub>2</sub> and daily CO<sub>2</sub> output predicted from performance of the cow (Madsen et al., 2010<ref>Madsen, J., Bjerg, B.S., Hvelplund, T., Weisbjerg, M.R., and Lund, P. 2010. Methane and carbon dioxide ratio in excreted air for quantification of the methane production from ruminants. Livest. Sci. 129:223-227.</ref>). Repeatability and rank correlations were higher for eructation peaks than for mean concentrations, and were higher for eructation peaks than for CH<sub>4</sub> to CO<sub>2</sub> ratio (Bell et al., 2014<ref>Bell, M.J., Saunders, N., Wilcox, R.H., Homer, E.M., Goodman, J.R., Craigon, J., Garnsworthy, P.C. 2014 Methane emissions among individual dairy cows during milking quantified by eructation peaks or ratio with carbon dioxide. J. Dairy Sci. 97:6536–6546.</ref>). However, all methods show good repeatability.		Several research groups have developed methods to measure CH<sub>4</sub> concentration in breath of cows during milking and/or feeding. These are often referred to as ‘sniffer methods’ because they use devices originally designed to detect dangerous gas leaks. Air is sampled near the animal’s nostrils through a tube fixed in a feed bin and connected directly to a gas analyser. The feed bin might be in an automatic milking station (Garnsworthy et al., 2012A<ref>Garnsworthy, P.C., Craigon, J., Hernandez-Medrano, J.H. and Saunders, H. 2012A. On-farm methane measurements during milking correlate with total methane production by individual dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95:3166-3180.</ref>, Garnsworthy et al., 2012B<ref>Garnsworthy, P.C., Craigon, J., Hernandez-Medrano, J.H., and Saunders, N. 2012B. Variation among individual dairy cows in methane measurements made on farm during milking. J. Dairy Sci. 95:3181–3189.</ref>; Lassen et al., 2012<ref>Lassen, J., Lovendahl, P., and Madsen, J. 2012. Accuracy of noninvasive breath methane measurements using Fourier transform infrared methods on individual cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95:890-898.</ref>; Pszczola et al., 2017<ref>Pszczola, M., Rzewuska, K., Mucha, S., and Strabel, T. 2017. Heritability of methane emissions from dairy cows over a lactation measured on commercial farms. J. Anim. Sci. 95:4813-4819. doi: 10.2527/jas2017.1842.</ref>) or in a concentrate feeding station (Negussie et al., 2017<ref>Negussie, E., Lehtinen, J., Mäntysaari, P., Bayat, A.R., Liinamo, A.E., Mäntysaari, E.A., and Lidauer, M.H. 2017. Non-invasive individual methane measurement in dairy cows. Animal 11:890-899.</ref>). Different research centres use different gas analysers (Nondispersive Infrared (NDIR), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) or photoacoustic infrared (PAIR)) and different sampling intervals (1, 5, 20 or 90-120 seconds). Methane concentration during a sampling visit of typically between 3 and 10 minutes may be specified as the overall mean, or the mean of eructation peaks. Some centres use CO<sub>2</sub> as a tracer gas and calculate daily CH<sub>4</sub> output according to ratio of CH<sub>4</sub> to CO<sub>2</sub> and daily CO<sub>2</sub> output predicted from performance of the cow (Madsen et al., 2010<ref>Madsen, J., Bjerg, B.S., Hvelplund, T., Weisbjerg, M.R., and Lund, P. 2010. Methane and carbon dioxide ratio in excreted air for quantification of the methane production from ruminants. Livest. Sci. 129:223-227.</ref>). Repeatability and rank correlations were higher for eructation peaks than for mean concentrations, and were higher for eructation peaks than for CH<sub>4</sub> to CO<sub>2</sub> ratio (Bell et al., 2014<ref>Bell, M.J., Saunders, N., Wilcox, R.H., Homer, E.M., Goodman, J.R., Craigon, J., Garnsworthy, P.C. 2014 Methane emissions among individual dairy cows during milking quantified by eructation peaks or ratio with carbon dioxide. J. Dairy Sci. 97:6536–6546.</ref>). However, all methods show good repeatability.

Bgolden at 10:44, 2 May 2025

2025-05-02T10:44:01Z

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			<b>NOTE: This version of Section 20 has been approved by the working group's Chair. Please be aware that further revisions may occur before final review and approval by the Board and ICAR members per the [[Approval of Page Process]].
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	Several research groups have developed methods to measure CH<sub>4</sub> concentration in breath of cows during milking and/or feeding. These are often referred to as ‘sniffer methods’ because they use devices originally designed to detect dangerous gas leaks. Air is sampled near the animal’s nostrils through a tube fixed in a feed bin and connected directly to a gas analyser. The feed bin might be in an automatic milking station (Garnsworthy et al., 2012A<ref>Garnsworthy, P.C., Craigon, J., Hernandez-Medrano, J.H. and Saunders, H. 2012A. On-farm methane measurements during milking correlate with total methane production by individual dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95:3166-3180.</ref>, Garnsworthy et al., 2012B<ref>Garnsworthy, P.C., Craigon, J., Hernandez-Medrano, J.H., and Saunders, N. 2012B. Variation among individual dairy cows in methane measurements made on farm during milking. J. Dairy Sci. 95:3181–3189.</ref>; Lassen et al., 2012<ref>Lassen, J., Lovendahl, P., and Madsen, J. 2012. Accuracy of noninvasive breath methane measurements using Fourier transform infrared methods on individual cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95:890-898.</ref>; Pszczola et al., 2017<ref>Pszczola, M., Rzewuska, K., Mucha, S., and Strabel, T. 2017. Heritability of methane emissions from dairy cows over a lactation measured on commercial farms. J. Anim. Sci. 95:4813-4819. doi: 10.2527/jas2017.1842.</ref>) or in a concentrate feeding station (Negussie et al., 2017<ref>Negussie, E., Lehtinen, J., Mäntysaari, P., Bayat, A.R., Liinamo, A.E., Mäntysaari, E.A., and Lidauer, M.H. 2017. Non-invasive individual methane measurement in dairy cows. Animal 11:890-899.</ref>). Different research centres use different gas analysers (Nondispersive Infrared (NDIR), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) or photoacoustic infrared (PAIR)) and different sampling intervals (1, 5, 20 or 90-120 seconds). Methane concentration during a sampling visit of typically between 3 and 10 minutes may be specified as the overall mean, or the mean of eructation peaks. Some centres use CO<sub>2</sub> as a tracer gas and calculate daily CH<sub>4</sub> output according to ratio of CH<sub>4</sub> to CO<sub>2</sub> and daily CO<sub>2</sub> output predicted from performance of the cow (Madsen et al., 2010<ref>Madsen, J., Bjerg, B.S., Hvelplund, T., Weisbjerg, M.R., and Lund, P. 2010. Methane and carbon dioxide ratio in excreted air for quantification of the methane production from ruminants. Livest. Sci. 129:223-227.</ref>). Repeatability and rank correlations were higher for eructation peaks than for mean concentrations, and were higher for eructation peaks than for CH<sub>4</sub> to CO<sub>2</sub> ratio (Bell et al., 2014<ref>Bell, M.J., Saunders, N., Wilcox, R.H., Homer, E.M., Goodman, J.R., Craigon, J., Garnsworthy, P.C. 2014 Methane emissions among individual dairy cows during milking quantified by eructation peaks or ratio with carbon dioxide. J. Dairy Sci. 97:6536–6546.</ref>). However, all methods show good repeatability.		Several research groups have developed methods to measure CH<sub>4</sub> concentration in breath of cows during milking and/or feeding. These are often referred to as ‘sniffer methods’ because they use devices originally designed to detect dangerous gas leaks. Air is sampled near the animal’s nostrils through a tube fixed in a feed bin and connected directly to a gas analyser. The feed bin might be in an automatic milking station (Garnsworthy et al., 2012A<ref>Garnsworthy, P.C., Craigon, J., Hernandez-Medrano, J.H. and Saunders, H. 2012A. On-farm methane measurements during milking correlate with total methane production by individual dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95:3166-3180.</ref>, Garnsworthy et al., 2012B<ref>Garnsworthy, P.C., Craigon, J., Hernandez-Medrano, J.H., and Saunders, N. 2012B. Variation among individual dairy cows in methane measurements made on farm during milking. J. Dairy Sci. 95:3181–3189.</ref>; Lassen et al., 2012<ref>Lassen, J., Lovendahl, P., and Madsen, J. 2012. Accuracy of noninvasive breath methane measurements using Fourier transform infrared methods on individual cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95:890-898.</ref>; Pszczola et al., 2017<ref>Pszczola, M., Rzewuska, K., Mucha, S., and Strabel, T. 2017. Heritability of methane emissions from dairy cows over a lactation measured on commercial farms. J. Anim. Sci. 95:4813-4819. doi: 10.2527/jas2017.1842.</ref>) or in a concentrate feeding station (Negussie et al., 2017<ref>Negussie, E., Lehtinen, J., Mäntysaari, P., Bayat, A.R., Liinamo, A.E., Mäntysaari, E.A., and Lidauer, M.H. 2017. Non-invasive individual methane measurement in dairy cows. Animal 11:890-899.</ref>). Different research centres use different gas analysers (Nondispersive Infrared (NDIR), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) or photoacoustic infrared (PAIR)) and different sampling intervals (1, 5, 20 or 90-120 seconds). Methane concentration during a sampling visit of typically between 3 and 10 minutes may be specified as the overall mean, or the mean of eructation peaks. Some centres use CO<sub>2</sub> as a tracer gas and calculate daily CH<sub>4</sub> output according to ratio of CH<sub>4</sub> to CO<sub>2</sub> and daily CO<sub>2</sub> output predicted from performance of the cow (Madsen et al., 2010<ref>Madsen, J., Bjerg, B.S., Hvelplund, T., Weisbjerg, M.R., and Lund, P. 2010. Methane and carbon dioxide ratio in excreted air for quantification of the methane production from ruminants. Livest. Sci. 129:223-227.</ref>). Repeatability and rank correlations were higher for eructation peaks than for mean concentrations, and were higher for eructation peaks than for CH<sub>4</sub> to CO<sub>2</sub> ratio (Bell et al., 2014<ref>Bell, M.J., Saunders, N., Wilcox, R.H., Homer, E.M., Goodman, J.R., Craigon, J., Garnsworthy, P.C. 2014 Methane emissions among individual dairy cows during milking quantified by eructation peaks or ratio with carbon dioxide. J. Dairy Sci. 97:6536–6546.</ref>). However, all methods show good repeatability.

Lbenzoni at 13:35, 6 March 2024

2024-03-06T13:35:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:35, 6 March 2024
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	Several research groups have developed methods to measure ~~CH4~~ concentration in breath of cows during milking and/or feeding. These are often referred to as ‘sniffer methods’ because they use devices originally designed to detect dangerous gas leaks. Air is sampled near the animal’s nostrils through a tube fixed in a feed bin and connected directly to a gas analyser. The feed bin might be in an automatic milking station (Garnsworthy et al., 2012A, B; Lassen et al., 2012; Pszczola et al., 2017, ~~2018~~, ~~2019~~) or in a concentrate feeding station (Negussie et al., 2017). Different research centres use different gas analysers (Nondispersive Infrared (NDIR), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) or photoacoustic infrared (PAIR)) and different sampling intervals (1, 5, 20 or 90-120 seconds). Methane concentration during a sampling visit of typically between 3 and 10 minutes may be specified as the overall mean, or the mean of eructation peaks. Some centres use ~~CO2~~ as a tracer gas and calculate daily ~~CH4~~ output according to ratio of ~~CH4~~ to ~~CO2~~ and daily ~~CO2~~ output predicted from performance of the cow (Madsen et al., 2010). Repeatability and rank correlations were higher for eructation peaks than for mean concentrations, and were higher for eructation peaks than for ~~CH4~~ to ~~CO2~~ ratio (Bell et al., 2014). However, all methods show good repeatability.		Several research groups have developed methods to measure CH<sub>4</sub> concentration in breath of cows during milking and/or feeding. These are often referred to as ‘sniffer methods’ because they use devices originally designed to detect dangerous gas leaks. Air is sampled near the animal’s nostrils through a tube fixed in a feed bin and connected directly to a gas analyser. The feed bin might be in an automatic milking station (Garnsworthy et al., 2012A<ref>Garnsworthy, P.C., Craigon, J., Hernandez-Medrano, J.H. and Saunders, H. 2012A. On-farm methane measurements during milking correlate with total methane production by individual dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95:3166-3180.</ref>, Garnsworthy et al., 2012B<ref>Garnsworthy, P.C., Craigon, J., Hernandez-Medrano, J.H., and Saunders, N. 2012B. Variation among individual dairy cows in methane measurements made on farm during milking. J. Dairy Sci. 95:3181–3189.</ref>; Lassen et al., 2012<ref>Lassen, J., Lovendahl, P., and Madsen, J. 2012. Accuracy of noninvasive breath methane measurements using Fourier transform infrared methods on individual cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95:890-898.</ref>; Pszczola et al., 2017<ref>Pszczola, M., Rzewuska, K., Mucha, S., and Strabel, T. 2017. Heritability of methane emissions from dairy cows over a lactation measured on commercial farms. J. Anim. Sci. 95:4813-4819. doi: 10.2527/jas2017.1842.</ref>) or in a concentrate feeding station (Negussie et al., 2017<ref>Negussie, E., Lehtinen, J., Mäntysaari, P., Bayat, A.R., Liinamo, A.E., Mäntysaari, E.A., and Lidauer, M.H. 2017. Non-invasive individual methane measurement in dairy cows. Animal 11:890-899.</ref>). Different research centres use different gas analysers (Nondispersive Infrared (NDIR), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) or photoacoustic infrared (PAIR)) and different sampling intervals (1, 5, 20 or 90-120 seconds). Methane concentration during a sampling visit of typically between 3 and 10 minutes may be specified as the overall mean, or the mean of eructation peaks. Some centres use CO<sub>2</sub> as a tracer gas and calculate daily CH<sub>4</sub> output according to ratio of CH<sub>4</sub> to CO<sub>2</sub> and daily CO<sub>2</sub> output predicted from performance of the cow (Madsen et al., 2010<ref>Madsen, J., Bjerg, B.S., Hvelplund, T., Weisbjerg, M.R., and Lund, P. 2010. Methane and carbon dioxide ratio in excreted air for quantification of the methane production from ruminants. Livest. Sci. 129:223-227.</ref>). Repeatability and rank correlations were higher for eructation peaks than for mean concentrations, and were higher for eructation peaks than for CH<sub>4</sub> to CO<sub>2</sub> ratio (Bell et al., 2014<ref>Bell, M.J., Saunders, N., Wilcox, R.H., Homer, E.M., Goodman, J.R., Craigon, J., Garnsworthy, P.C. 2014 Methane emissions among individual dairy cows during milking quantified by eructation peaks or ratio with carbon dioxide. J. Dairy Sci. 97:6536–6546.</ref>). However, all methods show good repeatability.

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Several research groups have developed methods to measure CH4 concentration in breath of cows during milking and/or feeding. These are often referred to as ‘sniffer methods’ because they use devices originally designed to detect dangerous gas leaks. Air is sampled near the animal’s nostrils through a tube fixed in a feed bin and connected directly to a gas analyser. The feed bin might be in an automatic milking station (Garnsworthy et al., 2012A, B; Lassen et al., 2012; Pszczola et al., 2017, 2018, 2019) or in a concentrate feeding station (Negussie et al., 2017). Different research centres use different gas analysers (Nondispersive Infrared (NDIR), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) or photoacoustic infrared (PAIR)) and different sampling intervals (1, 5, 20 or 90-120 seconds). Methane concentration during a sampling visit of typically between 3 and 10 minutes may be specified as the overall mean, or the mean of eructation peaks. Some centres use CO2 as a tracer gas and calculate daily CH4 output according to ratio of CH4 to CO2 and daily CO2 output predicted from performance of the cow (Madsen et al., 2010). Repeatability and rank correlations were higher for eructation peaks than for mean concentrations, and were higher for eructation peaks than for CH4 to CO2 ratio (Bell et al., 2014). However, all methods show good repeatability.