Section 02 – Cattle Milk Recording - Revision history

Cmosconi: /* Calulation example */

2026-09-22T08:54:30Z

Calulation example

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	==== Calulation example ====		==== Calulation example ====
	A simulation for such calculation is available [https://www.icar.org/Guidelines/Calculation-daily-~~yiels-percentage~~-from-single-sample-by-Jenko.xlsx here]		A simulation for such calculation is available [https://www.icar.org/Guidelines/Calculation-daily-yield-from-single-sample-by-Jenko.xlsx here]

	Example of the calculations of daily yields from morning milking and evening milking is presented in tables 3 and 4. Data from the Delorenzo and Wiggans method is used in the calculations (Table 2).		Example of the calculations of daily yields from morning milking and evening milking is presented in tables 3 and 4. Data from the Delorenzo and Wiggans method is used in the calculations (Table 2).

Cmosconi: /* Calculation of daily fat percentage from single samples (Gerke et al., 2025) OK */

2026-09-22T08:53:02Z

Calculation of daily fat percentage from single samples (Gerke et al., 2025) OK

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	==== Calulation example ====		==== Calulation example ====
	A simulation for such calculation is available [https://www.icar.org/Guidelines/Calculation-daily-~~fat~~-percentage-from-single-sample-by-Jenko.xlsx here]		A simulation for such calculation is available [https://www.icar.org/Guidelines/Calculation-daily-yiels-percentage-from-single-sample-by-Jenko.xlsx here]

	Example of the calculations of daily yields from morning milking and evening milking is presented in tables 3 and 4. Data from the Delorenzo and Wiggans method is used in the calculations (Table 2).		Example of the calculations of daily yields from morning milking and evening milking is presented in tables 3 and 4. Data from the Delorenzo and Wiggans method is used in the calculations (Table 2).
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	Fat and protein yields should be determined from the 24-hour yield on the day of sampling, and not the averaged value.		Fat and protein yields should be determined from the 24-hour yield on the day of sampling, and not the averaged value.

	=== Calculation of daily fat percentage from single samples (Gerke et al., 2025) OK ===		=== Calculation of daily fat percentage from single samples (Gerke et al., 2025) ===
	Constant access to the automatic milking system (AMS) leads to varying milking frequency of cows and subsequently varying milking interval lengths (MI) and milk yield (MY) of single milkings. This influences milk production and can result in variable milk composition in individual milkings during the day. Therefore, the fat percentage from one sampled milking must be adjusted before it can be used as a daily value. The method described specifies the data required and the calculation procedure for deriving a corrected 24 h milk fat percentage from a single sample on test day (TD) in AMS herds.		Constant access to the automatic milking system (AMS) leads to varying milking frequency of cows and subsequently varying milking interval lengths (MI) and milk yield (MY) of single milkings. This influences milk production and can result in variable milk composition in individual milkings during the day. Therefore, the fat percentage from one sampled milking must be adjusted before it can be used as a daily value. The method described specifies the data required and the calculation procedure for deriving a corrected 24 h milk fat percentage from a single sample on test day (TD) in AMS herds.
	==== Model specification ====		==== Model specification ====

Cmosconi: /* Calulation example */

2026-09-22T07:06:15Z

Calulation example

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	==== Calulation example ====		==== Calulation example ====
	A simulation for such calculation is available [https://www.icar.org/Guidelines/Calculation-daily-fat-percentage-from-single-sample-by-Jenko.xlsx here] ~~xxxxxx~~		A simulation for such calculation is available [https://www.icar.org/Guidelines/Calculation-daily-fat-percentage-from-single-sample-by-Jenko.xlsx here]

	Example of the calculations of daily yields from morning milking and evening milking is presented in tables 3 and 4. Data from the Delorenzo and Wiggans method is used in the calculations (Table 2).		Example of the calculations of daily yields from morning milking and evening milking is presented in tables 3 and 4. Data from the Delorenzo and Wiggans method is used in the calculations (Table 2).

Cmosconi: /* Calulation example */

2026-09-22T06:52:59Z

Calulation example

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	==== Calulation example ====		==== Calulation example ====
	A simulation for such calculation is available [https://www.icar.org/Guidelines/Calculation-daily-fat-percentage-from-single-sample-by-Jenko.xlsx here]		A simulation for such calculation is available [https://www.icar.org/Guidelines/Calculation-daily-fat-percentage-from-single-sample-by-Jenko.xlsx here] xxxxxx

	Example of the calculations of daily yields from morning milking and evening milking is presented in tables 3 and 4. Data from the Delorenzo and Wiggans method is used in the calculations (Table 2).		Example of the calculations of daily yields from morning milking and evening milking is presented in tables 3 and 4. Data from the Delorenzo and Wiggans method is used in the calculations (Table 2).
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	==== Calculation and examples ====		==== Calculation and examples ====
	~~Add link to the excel file XXXXXXXX~~		An example of calculation method is available [https://www.icar.org/Guidelines/Calculation-daily-fat-percentage-from-single-sample-by-Gerke.xlsx here]

	The mathematical notation, with the corresponding regression coefficients in the following table for calculating the daily fat percentage (DF%):		The mathematical notation, with the corresponding regression coefficients in the following table for calculating the daily fat percentage (DF%):

Cmosconi: /* Calculation of daily yields in the alternate one-milking recording scheme (Jenko et al., 2008, 2010) xxxxxxxx */

2026-09-22T06:38:13Z

Calculation of daily yields in the alternate one-milking recording scheme (Jenko et al., 2008, 2010) xxxxxxxx

Show changes

Cmosconi: /* Calculation example */

2026-09-16T14:13:39Z

Calculation example

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	Fat and protein yields should be determined from the 24-hour yield on the day of sampling, and not the averaged value.		Fat and protein yields should be determined from the 24-hour yield on the day of sampling, and not the averaged value.

	~~=== Calculation o ===~~		=== Calculation of daily yields in the alternate one-milking recording scheme (Jenko et al., 2008, 2010) xxxxxxxx ===

	=== Calculation of daily yields in the alternate one-milking recording scheme (Jenko et al., 2008, 2010) ===
	Constant access to the automatic milking system (AMS) leads to varying milking frequency of cows and subsequently varying milking interval lengths (MI) and milk yield (MY) of single milkings. This influences milk production and can result in variable milk composition in individual milkings during the day. Therefore, the fat percentage from one sampled milking must be adjusted before it can be used as a daily value. The method described specifies the data required and the calculation procedure for deriving a corrected 24 h milk fat percentage from a single sample on test day (TD) in AMS herds.		Constant access to the automatic milking system (AMS) leads to varying milking frequency of cows and subsequently varying milking interval lengths (MI) and milk yield (MY) of single milkings. This influences milk production and can result in variable milk composition in individual milkings during the day. Therefore, the fat percentage from one sampled milking must be adjusted before it can be used as a daily value. The method described specifies the data required and the calculation procedure for deriving a corrected 24 h milk fat percentage from a single sample on test day (TD) in AMS herds.
	==== Model specification ====		==== Model specification ====
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	=== Reference ===		=== Reference ===
	Gerke, J. S., Kammer, M., Werner, A., Köstler, R., Piepenburg, J., Mayerhofer, M., … Duda, J. (2025). Estimating daily fat percentage from single samples in herds with automatic milking system using a regression model. ''Livestock Science'', ''293'', 105649. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2025.105649		Gerke, J. S., Kammer, M., Werner, A., Köstler, R., Piepenburg, J., Mayerhofer, M., … Duda, J. (2025). Estimating daily fat percentage from single samples in herds with automatic milking system using a regression model. ''Livestock Science'', ''293'', 105649. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2025.105649
	~~[[File:Red line.jpg\|center]]~~

	=== Calculation of daily yields in the alternate one-milking recording scheme (Jenko et al., 2008, 2010) ===		=== Calculation of daily yields in the alternate one-milking recording scheme (Jenko et al., 2008, 2010) ===
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	==== Calulation example ====		==== Calulation example ====
	A simulation for such calculation is available [https://www.icar.org/Guidelines/Calculation-daily-~~yields~~-from-single-sample-by-Jenko.xlsx here]		A simulation for such calculation is available [https://www.icar.org/Guidelines/Calculation-daily-fat-percentage-from-single-sample-by-Jenko.xlsx here] xxxxxxxxx

	Example of the calculations of daily yields from morning milking and evening milking is presented in tables 3 and 4. Data from the Delorenzo and Wiggans method is used in the calculations (Table 2).		Example of the calculations of daily yields from morning milking and evening milking is presented in tables 3 and 4. Data from the Delorenzo and Wiggans method is used in the calculations (Table 2).

Cmosconi: /* Reference */

2026-09-16T10:23:48Z

Reference

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	==== Estimation of 24-hour fat and protein yield ====		==== Estimation of 24-hour fat and protein yield ====
	Fat and protein yields should be determined from the 24-hour yield on the day of sampling, and not the averaged value.		Fat and protein yields should be determined from the 24-hour yield on the day of sampling, and not the averaged value.

			=== Calculation o ===

	=== Calculation of daily yields in the alternate one-milking recording scheme (Jenko et al., 2008, 2010) ===		=== Calculation of daily yields in the alternate one-milking recording scheme (Jenko et al., 2008, 2010) ===
	~~A simulation for such calculation is available [https://www.icar.org/Guidelines/Calculation-daily-fat-percentage-from-single-sample-by-Gerke.xlsx here]~~		Constant access to the automatic milking system (AMS) leads to varying milking frequency of cows and subsequently varying milking interval lengths (MI) and milk yield (MY) of single milkings. This influences milk production and can result in variable milk composition in individual milkings during the day. Therefore, the fat percentage from one sampled milking must be adjusted before it can be used as a daily value. The method described specifies the data required and the calculation procedure for deriving a corrected 24 h milk fat percentage from a single sample on test day (TD) in AMS herds.

	Constant access to the automatic milking system (AMS) leads to varying milking frequency of cows and subsequently varying milking interval lengths (MI) and milk yield (MY) of single milkings. This influences milk production and can result in variable milk composition in individual milkings during the day. Therefore, the fat percentage from one sampled milking must be adjusted before it can be used as a daily value. The method described specifies the data required and the calculation procedure for deriving a corrected 24 h milk fat percentage from a single sample on test day (TD) in AMS herds.

	==== Model specification ====		==== Model specification ====
	The multiple linear regression includes transformation, interaction, and polynomial parameters to model non-linearity and thereby improve prediction accuracy. Beside F% of a single milking (''m'') on TD, the model focused on lactation characteristics and milk recording data of up to 4 preceding milkings. With milking intervals ranging between 4 and 20 hours, the method can be applied to milk recording samples from cows with 2 or 3 milkings whose milking intervals lengths (MI) before sampling accumulate to less than 24 h.		The multiple linear regression includes transformation, interaction, and polynomial parameters to model non-linearity and thereby improve prediction accuracy. Beside F% of a single milking (''m'') on TD, the model focused on lactation characteristics and milk recording data of up to 4 preceding milkings. With milking intervals ranging between 4 and 20 hours, the method can be applied to milk recording samples from cows with 2 or 3 milkings whose milking intervals lengths (MI) before sampling accumulate to less than 24 h.
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	[[File:Red line.jpg\|center]]		[[File:Red line.jpg\|center]]

	=== Calculation ~~example~~ ===		=== Calculation of daily yields in the alternate one-milking recording scheme (Jenko et al., 2008, 2010) ===
	This method estimates daily milk yield (DMY), daily fat yield (DFY), and daily protein yield (DPY) in the alternate one-milking recording (T) scheme. Daily fat percentage (DFP) and daily protein percentage (DPP) are then derived from the daily yield (DY) estimates. Utilizing this method allows us to remove the risk of underestimating high and overestimating low DY and contents.		This method estimates daily milk yield (DMY), daily fat yield (DFY), and daily protein yield (DPY) in the alternate one-milking recording (T) scheme. Daily fat percentage (DFP) and daily protein percentage (DPP) are then derived from the daily yield (DY) estimates. Utilizing this method allows us to remove the risk of underestimating high and overestimating low DY and contents.

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	==== Calulation example ====		==== Calulation example ====
	A simulation for such calculation is available [https://www.icar.org/Guidelines/Calculation-daily-~~fat-percentage~~-from-single-sample-by-Jenko.xlsx here]		A simulation for such calculation is available [https://www.icar.org/Guidelines/Calculation-daily-yields-from-single-sample-by-Jenko.xlsx here]

	Example of the calculations of daily yields from morning milking and evening milking is presented in tables 3 and 4. Data from the Delorenzo and Wiggans method is used in the calculations (Table 2).		Example of the calculations of daily yields from morning milking and evening milking is presented in tables 3 and 4. Data from the Delorenzo and Wiggans method is used in the calculations (Table 2).

Cmosconi: /* Reference */

2026-09-14T10:24:10Z

Reference

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	=== Reference ===		=== Reference ===
	Gerke, J. S., Kammer, M., Werner, A., Köstler, R., Piepenburg, J., Mayerhofer, M., … Duda, J. (2025). Estimating daily fat percentage from single samples in herds with automatic milking system using a regression model. ''Livestock Science'', ''293'', 105649. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2025.105649		Gerke, J. S., Kammer, M., Werner, A., Köstler, R., Piepenburg, J., Mayerhofer, M., … Duda, J. (2025). Estimating daily fat percentage from single samples in herds with automatic milking system using a regression model. ''Livestock Science'', ''293'', 105649. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2025.105649
			[[File:Red line.jpg\|center]]

	=== Calculation example ===		=== Calculation example ===

Cmosconi: /* Calculation of daily fat percentage from single samples by Gerke et al., 2025 */

2026-09-10T14:15:42Z

Calculation of daily fat percentage from single samples by Gerke et al., 2025

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:15, 10 September 2026
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	Fat and protein yields should be determined from the 24-hour yield on the day of sampling, and not the averaged value.		Fat and protein yields should be determined from the 24-hour yield on the day of sampling, and not the averaged value.

	=== Calculation of daily ~~fat percentage from single samples by Gerke~~ et al., ~~2025~~ ===		=== Calculation of daily yields in the alternate one-milking recording scheme (Jenko et al., 2008, 2010) ===
	A simulation for such calculation is available [https://www.icar.org/Guidelines/Calculation-daily-fat-percentage-from-single-sample-by-Gerke.xlsx here]		A simulation for such calculation is available [https://www.icar.org/Guidelines/Calculation-daily-fat-percentage-from-single-sample-by-Gerke.xlsx here]

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	The functional form of the model described below specifies the data required and the calculation procedure for deriving the estimated 24 h milk fat percentage from a single sample:		The functional form of the model described below specifies the data required and the calculation procedure for deriving the estimated 24 h milk fat percentage from a single sample:

	~~fffffff~~

	'''Data required and the calculation procedure for deriving the estimated 24 h milk fat percentage from a single sample'''		'''Data required and the calculation procedure for deriving the estimated 24 h milk fat percentage from a single sample'''
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	=== Calculation example ===		=== Calculation example ===
	~~A simulation for such calculation is available [https://www.icar.org/Guidelines/Calculation-daily-fat-percentage-from-single-sample-by-Jenko.xlsx here]~~

	This method estimates daily milk yield (DMY), daily fat yield (DFY), and daily protein yield (DPY) in the alternate one-milking recording (T) scheme. Daily fat percentage (DFP) and daily protein percentage (DPP) are then derived from the daily yield (DY) estimates. Utilizing this method allows us to remove the risk of underestimating high and overestimating low DY and contents.		This method estimates daily milk yield (DMY), daily fat yield (DFY), and daily protein yield (DPY) in the alternate one-milking recording (T) scheme. Daily fat percentage (DFP) and daily protein percentage (DPP) are then derived from the daily yield (DY) estimates. Utilizing this method allows us to remove the risk of underestimating high and overestimating low DY and contents.

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	DPP=DPY/DMY × 100		DPP=DPY/DMY × 100

	==== Calulation example ~~with method of Jenko et al. (2008, 2010)~~ ====		==== Calulation example ====
			A simulation for such calculation is available [https://www.icar.org/Guidelines/Calculation-daily-fat-percentage-from-single-sample-by-Jenko.xlsx here]

	Example of the calculations of daily yields from morning milking and evening milking is presented in tables 3 and 4. Data from the Delorenzo and Wiggans method is used in the calculations (Table 2).		Example of the calculations of daily yields from morning milking and evening milking is presented in tables 3 and 4. Data from the Delorenzo and Wiggans method is used in the calculations (Table 2).

Cmosconi at 11:36, 8 September 2026

2026-09-08T11:36:53Z

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	''DF% ~ F%(m)<sup>3</sup> + ln(DIM)<sup>2</sup> + MY(m) x ln(Ml (m))+ MY(m-1) x ln(Ml(m-1)) + MY(m-2) x ln(Ml (m-2))'' ''+ ln(Ml (m-3)) + parity + daytime + ε''		''DF% ~ F%(m)<sup>3</sup> + ln(DIM)<sup>2</sup> + MY(m) x ln(Ml (m))+ MY(m-1) x ln(Ml(m-1)) + MY(m-2) x ln(Ml (m-2))'' ''+ ln(Ml (m-3)) + parity + daytime + ε''

	~~[[File:Image A.png\|center\|thumb\|636x636px\|'''Data required and the calculation procedure for deriving the estimated 24 h milk fat percentage from a single sample''']]~~
	</div>where:		</div>where:

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	'' +β<sub>18</sub> daytime<sub>evening</sub> +'' ε		'' +β<sub>18</sub> daytime<sub>evening</sub> +'' ε

			[[File:Calculating the daily fat percentage (DF%) 2.jpg\|center\|frame\|'''Table 1. Coefficients for regression formula.''']]

	~~fffffff~~

	~~[[File:Calculating the daily fat percentage (DF%).jpg\|center\|Calculating the daily fat percentage (DF%)\|thumb\|511x511px]]~~[[File:Calculating the daily fat percentage (DF%) 2.jpg\|center\|frame\|'''Table 1. Coefficients for regression formula.''']]
	</div>		</div>
	[[File:Example data required for estimating 24 h fat percentage (DF%).jpg\|alt=Example data required for estimating 24 h fat percentage (DF%)\|center\|frame\|'''Table 2.''' '''Example data required for estimating 24 h fat percentage (DF%)''']]		[[File:Example data required for estimating 24 h fat percentage (DF%).jpg\|alt=Example data required for estimating 24 h fat percentage (DF%)\|center\|frame\|'''Table 2.''' '''Example data required for estimating 24 h fat percentage (DF%)''']]