Section 04 – DNA Technology - Revision history

Cmosconi: /* Appendix 1. Link to SNP markers recommended by ISAG for parentage verification */

2026-05-20T12:31:28Z

Appendix 1. Link to SNP markers recommended by ISAG for parentage verification

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:31, 20 May 2026
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	=== Appendix 1. Link to SNP markers recommended by ISAG for parentage verification ===		=== Appendix 1. Link to SNP markers recommended by ISAG for parentage verification ===
	The list of the SNP markers recommended by ISAG for parentage verification is available [https://www.icar.org/wp-content/uploads/documents/06-Annex-VI-ISAG-SNP-List.pdf here]		The list of the SNP markers recommended by ISAG for parentage verification is available [https://www.icar.org/wp-content/uploads/documents/06-Annex-VI-ISAG-SNP-List.pdf here]

	[https://old.icar.org/Guidelines/04-DNA-Technology-App-1-Cattle-SNP-ISAG-core-additional-panel-2013.xlsx https://www.icar.org/Guidelines/04-DNA-Technology-App-1-Cattle-SNP-ISAG-core-additional-panel-2013.xlsx]

	=== Appendix 2. Application form for microsatellite-based parentage testing in cattle ===		=== Appendix 2. Application form for microsatellite-based parentage testing in cattle ===

Cmosconi: /* Appendix 1. Link to SNP markers recommended by ISAG for parentage verification */

2026-05-20T12:30:09Z

Appendix 1. Link to SNP markers recommended by ISAG for parentage verification

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:30, 20 May 2026
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	=== Appendix 1. Link to SNP markers recommended by ISAG for parentage verification ===		=== Appendix 1. Link to SNP markers recommended by ISAG for parentage verification ===
			The list of the SNP markers recommended by ISAG for parentage verification is available [https://www.icar.org/wp-content/uploads/documents/06-Annex-VI-ISAG-SNP-List.pdf here]

	[https://old.icar.org/Guidelines/04-DNA-Technology-App-1-Cattle-SNP-ISAG-core-additional-panel-2013.xlsx https://www.icar.org/Guidelines/04-DNA-Technology-App-1-Cattle-SNP-ISAG-core-additional-panel-2013.xlsx]		[https://old.icar.org/Guidelines/04-DNA-Technology-App-1-Cattle-SNP-ISAG-core-additional-panel-2013.xlsx https://www.icar.org/Guidelines/04-DNA-Technology-App-1-Cattle-SNP-ISAG-core-additional-panel-2013.xlsx]

Cmosconi at 08:33, 20 May 2026

2026-05-20T08:33:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:33, 20 May 2026
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	== Genotype Exchange Service – GenoEx-PSE ==		== Genotype Exchange Service – GenoEx-PSE ==
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	Effective 2018, ICAR has made available a genotype exchange service for parentage analysis, GenoEx-PSE, offered through the Interbull Centre. The main goal of this service is to facilitate the international exchange of SNP genotypes such that approved service users can carry out parentage analysis services at a national level in an efficient manner. The GenoEx-PSE database system and user interface has been developed to allow for the exchange of SNP genotypes for either parentage verification or parentage discovery based on the list of SNP provided in ''Appendix 11. List of SNP to be used for either parentage verification or parentage discovery''.		Effective 2018, ICAR has made available a genotype exchange service for parentage analysis, GenoEx-PSE, offered through the Interbull Centre. The main goal of this service is to facilitate the international exchange of SNP genotypes such that approved service users can carry out parentage analysis services at a national level in an efficient manner. The GenoEx-PSE database system and user interface has been developed to allow for the exchange of SNP genotypes for either parentage verification or parentage discovery based on the list of SNP provided in ''Appendix 11. List of SNP to be used for either parentage verification or parentage discovery''.

	In order for an organization to qualify as a service user for GenoEx-PSE, it must first receive ICAR certification as a DNA data interpretation centre. The level of such ICAR certification (i.e.: for SNP-based parentage verification alone or for both SNP-based parentage verification and discovery) shall determine the highest level of SNP that may be exchanged via the GenoEx-PSE service. For details associated with this ICAR service, refer to the GenoEx-PSE web site at [https://genoex.org/ www.GenoEx.org.]		In order for an organization to qualify as a service user for GenoEx-PSE, it must first receive ICAR certification as a DNA data interpretation centre. The level of such ICAR certification (i.e.: for SNP-based parentage verification alone or for both SNP-based parentage verification and discovery) shall determine the highest level of SNP that may be exchanged via the GenoEx-PSE service. For details associated with this ICAR service, refer to the GenoEx-PSE web site at [https://genoex.org/ www.GenoEx.org.]

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	== Parentage Verification Using Full SNP Comparisons ==		== Parentage Verification Using Full SNP Comparisons ==
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	The rapid growth of genomic resources and the availability of high-density SNP genotyping platforms have enabled a shift from the traditional ISAG parentage verification panel toward full-genome SNP comparisons. Parentage checks have so far been performed on the ISAG PV SET of 195 SNPs, with thresholds defined for acceptance, doubt, and rejection of parentage relationships. While this framework has proven effective, it is increasingly challenged by the diversity of commercial SNP chips and sequencing platforms, many of which no longer guarantee the inclusion of the ISAG markers. Moreover, in large-scale databases where biological samples cannot be re-collected, relying exclusively on a fixed marker panel limits the ability to perform accurate parentage checks. To address these challenges, certified organizations can decide to use whole-genome SNP comparisons for certification, using thresholds that have been developed and tested using over 200,000 animal pairs across five bovine dairy breeds .		The rapid growth of genomic resources and the availability of high-density SNP genotyping platforms have enabled a shift from the traditional ISAG parentage verification panel toward full-genome SNP comparisons. Parentage checks have so far been performed on the ISAG PV SET of 195 SNPs, with thresholds defined for acceptance, doubt, and rejection of parentage relationships. While this framework has proven effective, it is increasingly challenged by the diversity of commercial SNP chips and sequencing platforms, many of which no longer guarantee the inclusion of the ISAG markers. Moreover, in large-scale databases where biological samples cannot be re-collected, relying exclusively on a fixed marker panel limits the ability to perform accurate parentage checks. To address these challenges, certified organizations can decide to use whole-genome SNP comparisons for certification, using thresholds that have been developed and tested using over 200,000 animal pairs across five bovine dairy breeds .

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	The adoption of full-SNP parentage verification offers multiple advantages: it provides a scalable solution for animals genotyped with different platforms, it expands applicability to crossbreds and minor breeds (with due care to avoid ascertainment bias), and it enables the reuse of historical genotypes where ISAG SNPs are missing. While the computational requirements are higher than for fixed panels, duo-based verification can be performed efficiently even with modest hardware. This type of comparison can be used to complement or replace the ISAG PV SET for certification purposes, offering a scientifically robust path for integrating modern genomic data into international parentage certification. When both full-SNP and ISAG PV SET-basded options are available, full-SNP comparisons should be preferred.		The adoption of full-SNP parentage verification offers multiple advantages: it provides a scalable solution for animals genotyped with different platforms, it expands applicability to crossbreds and minor breeds (with due care to avoid ascertainment bias), and it enables the reuse of historical genotypes where ISAG SNPs are missing. While the computational requirements are higher than for fixed panels, duo-based verification can be performed efficiently even with modest hardware. This type of comparison can be used to complement or replace the ISAG PV SET for certification purposes, offering a scientifically robust path for integrating modern genomic data into international parentage certification. When both full-SNP and ISAG PV SET-basded options are available, full-SNP comparisons should be preferred.

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	== Appendix list ==		== Appendix list ==

Cmosconi: /* Molecular genetics */

2026-05-20T08:26:20Z

Molecular genetics

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 In order for an organization to qualify as a service user for GenoEx-PSE, it must first receive ICAR certification as a DNA data interpretation centre.  The level of such ICAR certification (i.e.: for SNP-based parentage verification alone or for both SNP-based parentage verification and discovery) shall determine the highest level of SNP that may be exchanged via the GenoEx-PSE service. For details associated with this ICAR service, refer to the GenoEx-PSE web site at [https://genoex.org/ www.GenoEx.org.]
-Parentage Verification Using Full SNP Comparisons
+== Parentage Verification Using Full SNP Comparisons ==
 == Appendix list ==

Cmosconi: /* Genotype Exchange Service – GenoEx-PSE */

2026-05-20T08:24:29Z

Genotype Exchange Service – GenoEx-PSE

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:24, 20 May 2026
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	In order for an organization to qualify as a service user for GenoEx-PSE, it must first receive ICAR certification as a DNA data interpretation centre. The level of such ICAR certification (i.e.: for SNP-based parentage verification alone or for both SNP-based parentage verification and discovery) shall determine the highest level of SNP that may be exchanged via the GenoEx-PSE service. For details associated with this ICAR service, refer to the GenoEx-PSE web site at [https://genoex.org/ www.GenoEx.org.]		In order for an organization to qualify as a service user for GenoEx-PSE, it must first receive ICAR certification as a DNA data interpretation centre. The level of such ICAR certification (i.e.: for SNP-based parentage verification alone or for both SNP-based parentage verification and discovery) shall determine the highest level of SNP that may be exchanged via the GenoEx-PSE service. For details associated with this ICAR service, refer to the GenoEx-PSE web site at [https://genoex.org/ www.GenoEx.org.]

			Parentage Verification Using Full SNP Comparisons

	== Appendix list ==		== Appendix list ==

Cmosconi: links to the old icar site for the Appendixes # 1-10

2025-05-08T11:11:45Z

links to the old icar site for the Appendixes # 1-10

Cmosconi: /* Genetic Markers */

2025-03-03T16:30:53Z

Genetic Markers

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	Advances in molecular biology, especially genomics, provide a new set of information to be incorporated into the animal industry. On one hand, the use of molecular information may contribute to the enhancement of consumers' trust in the ability to monitor and control the animal production chain. On the other hand, molecular information will greatly contribute to the achievement of genetic improvement for animal traits through the use of genomic breeding values, marker assisted selection, gene introgression, heterosis prediction, pedigree validation/prediction, and genetic defect carrier status. In most cases, advantages of using molecular information via genomic evaluations, comes from improved accuracy of animal breeding values, shortened generation intervals, and increased intensity of selection. Even with these advancements there is still a need for research and development in the search for associations between genetic markers and traits of interest, especially as new traits are included in national evaluation indexes. In addition to that, even with the current incorporation of genomic information into national selection schemes, an understanding of gene action, gene interactions, and differential gene expression to avoid negative collateral effects is needed. Cooperation between animal industries and research is required for a successful and beneficial search for genetic information in commercial livestock populations.		Advances in molecular biology, especially genomics, provide a new set of information to be incorporated into the animal industry. On one hand, the use of molecular information may contribute to the enhancement of consumers' trust in the ability to monitor and control the animal production chain. On the other hand, molecular information will greatly contribute to the achievement of genetic improvement for animal traits through the use of genomic breeding values, marker assisted selection, gene introgression, heterosis prediction, pedigree validation/prediction, and genetic defect carrier status. In most cases, advantages of using molecular information via genomic evaluations, comes from improved accuracy of animal breeding values, shortened generation intervals, and increased intensity of selection. Even with these advancements there is still a need for research and development in the search for associations between genetic markers and traits of interest, especially as new traits are included in national evaluation indexes. In addition to that, even with the current incorporation of genomic information into national selection schemes, an understanding of gene action, gene interactions, and differential gene expression to avoid negative collateral effects is needed. Cooperation between animal industries and research is required for a successful and beneficial search for genetic information in commercial livestock populations.

	=== Genetic ~~Markers~~ ===		=== Genetic markers ===
	Genetic markers are the fundamental molecular tools for genomics, even as the type of marker used has changed. The first genetic marker associations in livestock were reported using blood typing in the 1960s, the technology then moved to microsatellites (MS) in the 1990s and more recently to the use of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP). SNP and MS are polymorphic DNA sequences (alleles) at a specific locus of a particular chromosome. While blood typing has been an ICAR approved method of parentage verification currently there are few, if any, commercial labs still offering this testing. For this reason, ICAR no longer recommends blood typing as the basis for carrying out parentage analysis in livestock species where MS or SNP technology is widely available.		Genetic markers are the fundamental molecular tools for genomics, even as the type of marker used has changed. The first genetic marker associations in livestock were reported using blood typing in the 1960s, the technology then moved to microsatellites (MS) in the 1990s and more recently to the use of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP). SNP and MS are polymorphic DNA sequences (alleles) at a specific locus of a particular chromosome. While blood typing has been an ICAR approved method of parentage verification currently there are few, if any, commercial labs still offering this testing. For this reason, ICAR no longer recommends blood typing as the basis for carrying out parentage analysis in livestock species where MS or SNP technology is widely available.

Cmosconi: /* Molecular Genetics */

2025-03-03T16:30:39Z

Molecular Genetics

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	== Molecular ~~Genetics~~ ==		== Molecular genetics ==
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Cmosconi: /* Current and Potential Uses of DNA Technologies */

2025-03-03T16:29:28Z

Current and Potential Uses of DNA Technologies

Show changes

Aashish: /* Renewal of accreditation */

2025-01-31T10:07:23Z

Renewal of accreditation

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:07, 31 January 2025
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	==== Renewal of accreditation ====		==== Renewal of accreditation ====
	In advance of the expiry date of any existing ~~[[Preamble#Scope\|~~ICAR accreditation]], normally during the same year of the December 31<sup>st</sup> expiry date, a laboratory can apply for renewal of their accreditation by submitting an application as described in section 3.3.1 above and successfully completing the other steps outlined in this section 3.		In advance of the expiry date of any existing ICAR accreditation, normally during the same year of the December 31<sup>st</sup> expiry date, a laboratory can apply for renewal of their accreditation by submitting an application as described in section 3.3.1 above and successfully completing the other steps outlined in this section 3.

	==== Laboratory accreditation ====		==== Laboratory accreditation ====

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:11, 8 May 2025
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	=== Appendix 1. Link to SNP markers recommended by ISAG for parentage verification ===		=== Appendix 1. Link to SNP markers recommended by ISAG for parentage verification ===
	https://www.icar.org/Guidelines/04-DNA-Technology-App-1-Cattle-SNP-ISAG-core-additional-panel-2013.xlsx		[https://old.icar.org/Guidelines/04-DNA-Technology-App-1-Cattle-SNP-ISAG-core-additional-panel-2013.xlsx https://www.icar.org/Guidelines/04-DNA-Technology-App-1-Cattle-SNP-ISAG-core-additional-panel-2013.xlsx]

	=== Appendix 2. Application form for microsatellite-based parentage testing in cattle ===		=== Appendix 2. Application form for microsatellite-based parentage testing in cattle ===
	Please refer [https://~~www~~.icar.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Annex-II-Application-Form-for-STR-Accreditation.pdf here] on the ICAR website for the Form for ICAR laboratory certification for STR Microsatellite-based Parentage Testing in Cattle.		Please refer [https://old.icar.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Annex-II-Application-Form-for-STR-Accreditation.pdf here] on the ICAR website for the Form for ICAR laboratory certification for STR Microsatellite-based Parentage Testing in Cattle.

	=== Appendix 3. Application form for SNP-based genotyping required for parentage analysis in cattle ===		=== Appendix 3. Application form for SNP-based genotyping required for parentage analysis in cattle ===
	Please refer [https://~~www~~.icar.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Annex-V-Application-Form-for-SNP-Accreditation.pdf here] on the ICAR website for the Form for ICAR laboratory certification for SNP-based genotyping required for Parentage Analysis in Cattle.		Please refer [https://old.icar.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Annex-V-Application-Form-for-SNP-Accreditation.pdf here] on the ICAR website for the Form for ICAR laboratory certification for SNP-based genotyping required for Parentage Analysis in Cattle.

	=== Appendix 4. ICAR DNA laboratory certification service fees ===		=== Appendix 4. ICAR DNA laboratory certification service fees ===
	Please refer [https://~~www~~.icar.org/index.php/certifications/dna-certifications/guidelines-for-str-and-snp-based-parentage-testing-in-cattle/ here] on the ICAR website for DNA testing certification services fees.		Please refer [https://old.icar.org/index.php/certifications/dna-certifications/guidelines-for-str-and-snp-based-parentage-testing-in-cattle/ here] on the ICAR website for DNA testing certification services fees.

	=== Appendix 5. ISAG recommended microsatellites for parentage verification in cattle ===		=== Appendix 5. ISAG recommended microsatellites for parentage verification in cattle ===
	Please refer [https://~~www~~.icar.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/03-Annex-III-ISAG-microsatellites.pdf here] on the ICAR website for the list of ISAG recommended microsatellites for parentage verification in cattle.		Please refer [https://old.icar.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/03-Annex-III-ISAG-microsatellites.pdf here] on the ICAR website for the list of ISAG recommended microsatellites for parentage verification in cattle.

	=== Appendix 6. Rules for microsatellite-based parentage testing in cattle ===		=== Appendix 6. Rules for microsatellite-based parentage testing in cattle ===
	Please refer [https://~~www~~.icar.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/01-Annex-I-guidelines-microsats-STRs.pdf here] on the ICAR website for the rules for microsatellite-based parentage verification in cattle.		Please refer [https://old.icar.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/01-Annex-I-guidelines-microsats-STRs.pdf here] on the ICAR website for the rules for microsatellite-based parentage verification in cattle.

	=== Appendix 7. List of approved SNP for parentage verification in cattle ===		=== Appendix 7. List of approved SNP for parentage verification in cattle ===
	Please refer [https://~~www~~.icar.org/Guidelines/04-DNA-Technology-App7-SNP-list-for-parentage-verification.pdf here] on the ICAR website for the ICAR approved list of 200 SNP for parentage verification in cattle.		Please refer [https://old.icar.org/Guidelines/04-DNA-Technology-App7-SNP-list-for-parentage-verification.pdf here] on the ICAR website for the ICAR approved list of 200 SNP for parentage verification in cattle.

	=== Appendix 8. Application form for organizations seeking ICAR parentage analysis certification for DNA data interpretation centres ===		=== Appendix 8. Application form for organizations seeking ICAR parentage analysis certification for DNA data interpretation centres ===
	Please refer [https://~~www~~.icar.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/6-Annex-V-Application-Form-forICAR-Accreditation-of-DNA-Centres.pdf here] on the ICAR website for the application form for organizations seeking ICAR certification status as a DNA data interpretation centre.		Please refer [https://old.icar.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/6-Annex-V-Application-Form-forICAR-Accreditation-of-DNA-Centres.pdf here] on the ICAR website for the application form for organizations seeking ICAR certification status as a DNA data interpretation centre.

	=== Appendix 9. Applicant's Guide for ICAR Parentage Analysis certification for DNA Data Interpretation Centres ===		=== Appendix 9. Applicant's Guide for ICAR Parentage Analysis certification for DNA Data Interpretation Centres ===
	Please refer [https://~~www~~.icar.org/index.php/certifications/dna-certifications/certification-and-accreditation-of-dna-genetic-laboratories/two-new-dna-based-services/dna-data-interpretation-centres/ here] on the ICAR website for the Applicant's Guide for ICAR Parentage Analysis certification for DNA Data Interpretation Centres.		Please refer [https://old.icar.org/index.php/certifications/dna-certifications/certification-and-accreditation-of-dna-genetic-laboratories/two-new-dna-based-services/dna-data-interpretation-centres/ here] on the ICAR website for the Applicant's Guide for ICAR Parentage Analysis certification for DNA Data Interpretation Centres.

	=== Appendix 10. ICAR Guidelines for Parentage Verification and Parentage Discovery Based on SNP Genotypes ===		=== Appendix 10. ICAR Guidelines for Parentage Verification and Parentage Discovery Based on SNP Genotypes ===
	Please refer [https://~~www~~.icar.org/Documents/GenoEx/ICAR%20Guidelines%20for%20Parentage%20Verification%20and%20Parentage%20Discovery%20based%20on%20SNP.pdf here] on the ICAR website for the ICAR Guidelines for Parentage Verification and Parentage Discovery Based on SNP Genotypes.		Please refer [https://old.icar.org/Documents/GenoEx/ICAR%20Guidelines%20for%20Parentage%20Verification%20and%20Parentage%20Discovery%20based%20on%20SNP.pdf here] on the ICAR website for the ICAR Guidelines for Parentage Verification and Parentage Discovery Based on SNP Genotypes.

	=== Appendix 11. List of SNP to be used for either parentage verification or parentage discovery ===		=== Appendix 11. List of SNP to be used for either parentage verification or parentage discovery ===
	Please refer [https://~~www~~.icar.org/Guidelines/04-DNA-Technology-App-11-SNP-list-for-parentage-verification-or-discovery.pdf here] on the ICAR website for the list of SNP to be used for either parentage verification or parentage discovery.		Please refer [https://old.icar.org/Guidelines/04-DNA-Technology-App-11-SNP-list-for-parentage-verification-or-discovery.pdf here] on the ICAR website for the list of SNP to be used for either parentage verification or parentage discovery.
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