Section 07 – Bovine Functional Traits - Revision history

Cmosconi at 10:53, 19 April 2026

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	A full list of disease codes is available:		A full list of disease codes is available:

	# On the ICAR website here - https://www.icar.org/~~index.php/publications-technical-materials/amendments-recording-~~guidelines/~~diseases~~-~~codes~~-~~for~~-~~cows~~/ and,		# On the ICAR website here - https://www.icar.org/guidelines/icar-claw-health-key/ and,
	# Can be downloaded as an .xlsx file here - https://www.icar.org/wp-content/uploads/~~2020/01~~/ICAR-Claw-Health-Key-coding-20180921.xls		# Can be downloaded as an .xlsx file here - https://www.icar.org/wp-content/uploads/documents/ICAR-Claw-Health-Key-coding-20180921.xls

	== Acknowledgments ==		== Acknowledgments ==

Cmosconi: /* Sources of data related to claw health */

2026-04-18T17:12:55Z

Sources of data related to claw health

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	Nordic countries have pioneered the recording of claw health from claw trimming visits and then systematically using the data. Routine documentation of claw health data started in Sweden in 2003 and one year later in Finland and Norway (Johansson ''et al''. 2011<ref>Johansson, K., J.-Å. Eriksson, U.S. Nielsen, J. Pösö, and G.P. Aamand. 2011. Genetic evaluation of claw health in Denmark, Finland and Sweden. Interbull Bull. 44:224–228. </ref>, Ødegård ''et al''. 2013<ref>Ødegård, C., M. Svendsen, and B. Heringstad. 2013. Genetic analyses of claw health in Norwegian Red cows. J. Dairy Sci. 96:7274–7283. doi:10.3168/jds.2012-6509.</ref>, Häggman & Juga 2013<ref name=":0">Häggman, J., and J. Juga. 2013. Genetic parameters for hoof disorders and feet and leg conformation traits in Finnish Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 96:3319–3325. doi:10.3168/jds.2012-6334.</ref>). Since 2006 claw health data has been routinely recorded in the Netherlands. In several countries it is now possible to electronically register data from claw trimming visits and recording systems and consequently accessibility of claw data have improved. Electronic systems by professional trimmers to document claw health status are,for example, used in Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Canada, France, Germany, and Spain (Kofler, 2013<ref>Kofler, J., 2013. Computerised claw trimming database programs as the basis for monitoring hoof health in dairy herds. Veterinary Journal 198, 358-361.</ref>). With this development, larger amounts of claw health data are becoming available, implying the need for harmonization and further measures to strengthen data quality and consistency.		Nordic countries have pioneered the recording of claw health from claw trimming visits and then systematically using the data. Routine documentation of claw health data started in Sweden in 2003 and one year later in Finland and Norway (Johansson ''et al''. 2011<ref>Johansson, K., J.-Å. Eriksson, U.S. Nielsen, J. Pösö, and G.P. Aamand. 2011. Genetic evaluation of claw health in Denmark, Finland and Sweden. Interbull Bull. 44:224–228. </ref>, Ødegård ''et al''. 2013<ref>Ødegård, C., M. Svendsen, and B. Heringstad. 2013. Genetic analyses of claw health in Norwegian Red cows. J. Dairy Sci. 96:7274–7283. doi:10.3168/jds.2012-6509.</ref>, Häggman & Juga 2013<ref name=":0">Häggman, J., and J. Juga. 2013. Genetic parameters for hoof disorders and feet and leg conformation traits in Finnish Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 96:3319–3325. doi:10.3168/jds.2012-6334.</ref>). Since 2006 claw health data has been routinely recorded in the Netherlands. In several countries it is now possible to electronically register data from claw trimming visits and recording systems and consequently accessibility of claw data have improved. Electronic systems by professional trimmers to document claw health status are,for example, used in Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Canada, France, Germany, and Spain (Kofler, 2013<ref>Kofler, J., 2013. Computerised claw trimming database programs as the basis for monitoring hoof health in dairy herds. Veterinary Journal 198, 358-361.</ref>). With this development, larger amounts of claw health data are becoming available, implying the need for harmonization and further measures to strengthen data quality and consistency.

	The [https://www.icar.org/~~index.php/publications~~-technical-~~materials/technical~~-~~series~~-and-~~proceedings~~/atlas-claw-health-and-translations/ ICAR Claw Health Atlas]<ref>ICAR Claw Health Atlas</ref> was published in 2015 (Egger-Danner ''et al''. 2015<ref>Egger-Danner, C., P. Nielsen, A. Fiedler, A. Müller, T. Fjeldaas, D. Döpfer, V. Daniel, C. Bergsten, G. Cramer, A.-M. Christen, K.F. Stock, G. Thomas, M. Holzhauer, A. Steiner, J. Clarke, N. Capion, N. Charfeddine, J.E. Pryce, E. Oakes, J. Burgstaller, B. Heringstad, C. Ødegård, J. Kofler, F. Egger, and J.B. Cole. 2015. ICAR Claw Health Atlas. ICAR Technical Series. No. 18. International Committee for Animal Recording, Rome, Italy.</ref>) and has so far been translated to nineteen languages. The aim of this atlas was to harmonise the collection of high quality data within and across countries.		The [https://www.icar.org/icar-technical-series-atlas-claw-health-and-translations//atlas-claw-health-and-translations/ ICAR Claw Health Atlas]<ref>ICAR Claw Health Atlas</ref> was published in 2015 (Egger-Danner ''et al''. 2015<ref>Egger-Danner, C., P. Nielsen, A. Fiedler, A. Müller, T. Fjeldaas, D. Döpfer, V. Daniel, C. Bergsten, G. Cramer, A.-M. Christen, K.F. Stock, G. Thomas, M. Holzhauer, A. Steiner, J. Clarke, N. Capion, N. Charfeddine, J.E. Pryce, E. Oakes, J. Burgstaller, B. Heringstad, C. Ødegård, J. Kofler, F. Egger, and J.B. Cole. 2015. ICAR Claw Health Atlas. ICAR Technical Series. No. 18. International Committee for Animal Recording, Rome, Italy.</ref>) and has so far been translated to nineteen languages. The aim of this atlas was to harmonise the collection of high quality data within and across countries.

	The purpose of these ICAR guidelines is to give recommendations on recording, data validation and use of claw health information, with focus mainly on claw trimming data.		The purpose of these ICAR guidelines is to give recommendations on recording, data validation and use of claw health information, with focus mainly on claw trimming data.
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	\|style="text-align:left;"\|1		\|style="text-align:left;"\|1
	\|style="text-align:center;"\|Claw Trimming Data		\|style="text-align:center;"\|Claw Trimming Data
	\|style="text-align:center;"\|Several studies have shown that data recorded by hoof trimmers are suitable for genetic evaluation of claw health (Häggman & Juga 2013<ref name=":0" />; Koenig et al. 2005<ref>Koenig, S., A.R. Sharifi, H. Wentrot, D. Landmann, M. Eise, and H. Simianer. 2005. Genetic parameters of claw and foot disorders estimated with logistic models. J. Dairy Sci. 88:3316–3325. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302 (05)73015-0.</ref>; van Pelt 2015<ref>Van Pelt, M.L. 2015. Implementation of a claw health index in The Netherlands. Page Seminar des Ausschusses für Genetik der ZAR, Salzburg, Austria.</ref>). Claw disorders are included in the comprehensive ICAR Central Health Key, that is consistent with the ICAR Standard for claw data recording and the [https://www.icar.org/~~index.php/publications~~-~~technical-materials/~~technical-series-~~and-proceedings/~~atlas-claw-health-and-translations/ ICAR Claw Health Atlas] (see appendix of the ICAR Health guidelines). These standards should be referred to in electronic systems supposed to facilitate data recording in connection with claw trimming.		\|style="text-align:center;"\|Several studies have shown that data recorded by hoof trimmers are suitable for genetic evaluation of claw health (Häggman & Juga 2013<ref name=":0" />; Koenig et al. 2005<ref>Koenig, S., A.R. Sharifi, H. Wentrot, D. Landmann, M. Eise, and H. Simianer. 2005. Genetic parameters of claw and foot disorders estimated with logistic models. J. Dairy Sci. 88:3316–3325. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302 (05)73015-0.</ref>; van Pelt 2015<ref>Van Pelt, M.L. 2015. Implementation of a claw health index in The Netherlands. Page Seminar des Ausschusses für Genetik der ZAR, Salzburg, Austria.</ref>). Claw disorders are included in the comprehensive ICAR Central Health Key, that is consistent with the ICAR Standard for claw data recording and the [https://www.icar.org/icar-technical-series-atlas-claw-health-and-translations/ ICAR Claw Health Atlas] (see appendix of the ICAR Health guidelines). These standards should be referred to in electronic systems supposed to facilitate data recording in connection with claw trimming.

	The high coverage and regular structure of the claw trimming data make them highly valuable for analyses, and these guidelines will focus on that source of information on claw health.		The high coverage and regular structure of the claw trimming data make them highly valuable for analyses, and these guidelines will focus on that source of information on claw health.
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	=== Definitions of claw health disorders according ICAR Claw Health Key ===		=== Definitions of claw health disorders according ICAR Claw Health Key ===
	To be able to combine and compare claw health data between countries and for breeding purposes, standardizing the recording and harmonizing the terminology of claw disorders are crucial. Harmonized definitions have been published by the ICAR WGFT (Egger-Danner ''et al''., 2015<ref name=":1">Egger-Danner, C., P. Nielsen, A. Fiedler, A. Müller, T. Fjeldaas, D. Döpfer, V. Daniel, C. Bergsten, G. Cramer, A.-M. Christen, K.F. Stock, G. Thomas, M. Holzhauer, A. Steiner, J. Clarke, N. Capion, N. Charfeddine, J.E. Pryce, E. Oakes, J. Burgstaller, B. Heringstad, C. Ødegård, J. Kofler, F. Egger, and J.B. Cole. 2015. ICAR Claw Health Atlas. ICAR Technical Series. No. 18. International Committee for Animal Recording, Rome, Italy.</ref>). The [~~http~~://www.icar.org/~~index.php/publications~~-~~technical-materials/~~technical-series-~~and-proceedings/~~atlas-claw-health-and-translations/ Atlas] describes 27 claw disorders (Table 20); the corresponding [~~http~~://www.icar.org/~~index.php/publications~~-~~technical-materials/~~technical-series-~~and-proceedings/~~atlas-claw-health-and-translations/ ICAR Claw Health Atlas] illustrates the distinct disorders by typical pictures in a number of languages.		To be able to combine and compare claw health data between countries and for breeding purposes, standardizing the recording and harmonizing the terminology of claw disorders are crucial. Harmonized definitions have been published by the ICAR WGFT (Egger-Danner ''et al''., 2015<ref name=":1">Egger-Danner, C., P. Nielsen, A. Fiedler, A. Müller, T. Fjeldaas, D. Döpfer, V. Daniel, C. Bergsten, G. Cramer, A.-M. Christen, K.F. Stock, G. Thomas, M. Holzhauer, A. Steiner, J. Clarke, N. Capion, N. Charfeddine, J.E. Pryce, E. Oakes, J. Burgstaller, B. Heringstad, C. Ødegård, J. Kofler, F. Egger, and J.B. Cole. 2015. ICAR Claw Health Atlas. ICAR Technical Series. No. 18. International Committee for Animal Recording, Rome, Italy.</ref>). The [https://www.icar.org/icar-technical-series-atlas-claw-health-and-translations/ Atlas] describes 27 claw disorders (Table 20); the corresponding [https://www.icar.org/icar-technical-series-atlas-claw-health-and-translations/ ICAR Claw Health Atlas] illustrates the distinct disorders by typical pictures in a number of languages.
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Cmosconi: /* Calving traits in Dairy Cattle */

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Calving traits in Dairy Cattle

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	<sup>2</sup>MT=multi-trait model, AM=animal model, S-MGS=Sire maternal grandsire, THR=Threshold model.		<sup>2</sup>MT=multi-trait model, AM=animal model, S-MGS=Sire maternal grandsire, THR=Threshold model.
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	= Sensor based behavior information for functional traits with focus on rumination =		= Sensor based behavior information for functional traits with focus on rumination =
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Cmosconi: /* Sensor based behavior information for functional traits with focus on rumination */

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Sensor based behavior information for functional traits with focus on rumination

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	= Sensor based behavior information for functional traits with focus on rumination =		= Sensor based behavior information for functional traits with focus on rumination =
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	== Part 1: General introduction ==		== Part 1: General introduction ==

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	* ''<sup>17</sup> Bioeconomy and Environment, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland,''		* ''<sup>17</sup> Bioeconomy and Environment, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland,''
	* ''<sup>18</sup> McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, H9X 3V9, QC Canada.''<br />		* ''<sup>18</sup> McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, H9X 3V9, QC Canada.''<br />
	[[File:Section . Figure 3.jpg\|center\|thumb\|605x605px\|'''Organisations of the Authors of the Guidelines for Section 7.7''']]</div>~~xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx~~		[[File:Section . Figure 3.jpg\|center\|thumb\|605x605px\|'''Organisations of the Authors of the Guidelines for Section 7.7''']]


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Cmosconi: /* Appendix 3: Heritability of calving traits used in national genetic evaluations. */

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Appendix 3: Heritability of calving traits used in national genetic evaluations.

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	= Sensor based behavior information for functional traits with focus on rumination =		= Sensor based behavior information for functional traits with focus on rumination =

Cmosconi: /* Appendix 3: Heritability of calving traits used in national genetic evaluations. */

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Appendix 3: Heritability of calving traits used in national genetic evaluations.

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Cmosconi: /* Appendix 3: Heritability of calving traits used in national genetic evaluations. */

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Appendix 3: Heritability of calving traits used in national genetic evaluations.

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	<sup>2</sup>MT=multi-trait model, AM=animal model, S-MGS=Sire maternal grandsire, THR=Threshold model.		<sup>2</sup>MT=multi-trait model, AM=animal model, S-MGS=Sire maternal grandsire, THR=Threshold model.


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	= Sensor based behavior information for functional traits with focus on rumination =		= Sensor based behavior information for functional traits with focus on rumination =

Cmosconi at 11:29, 21 March 2026

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	<sup>2</sup>MT=multi-trait model, AM=animal model, S-MGS=Sire maternal grandsire, THR=Threshold model.		<sup>2</sup>MT=multi-trait model, AM=animal model, S-MGS=Sire maternal grandsire, THR=Threshold model.



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	= Sensor based behavior information for functional traits with focus on rumination =		= Sensor based behavior information for functional traits with focus on rumination =

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	The work was started with focus on the sensor based behavioural trait rumination, which serves as a starting point; the same framework is intended to be extended to other sensor-based behavioural traits in future iterations of the guideline.		The work was started with focus on the sensor based behavioural trait rumination, which serves as a starting point; the same framework is intended to be extended to other sensor-based behavioural traits in future iterations of the guideline.

	==== ~~7.1.2.1~~ Description of data and data sources ====		==== Description of data and data sources ====
	The current guideline has the focus on data from sensor systems measuring animal behaviours. These sensor systems can provide information on behavioural measurements like rumination, eating, lying or indexes like activity indexes or alarms like for calving, in heat or health events. Various sensor systems are based on different technologies using different algorithms and provide different information to the farmer.		The current guideline has the focus on data from sensor systems measuring animal behaviours. These sensor systems can provide information on behavioural measurements like rumination, eating, lying or indexes like activity indexes or alarms like for calving, in heat or health events. Various sensor systems are based on different technologies using different algorithms and provide different information to the farmer.

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	In addition to these steps, broader aspects such as the purpose and context of data analyses and the thorough documentation and transparency of the process, which are largely underreported, are essential. For instance, data for applications in herd management may have different requirements than those for genetic evaluation. As an example, if different versions of a software were used in a certain farm, but all animals from the same contemporary group had the same sensor version, the data would be useful for genetic purposes as geneticists are interested in differences among animals from the same group instead of the absolute values per se. Specific information related to data cleaning for different applications are found in the description of the use cases below.		In addition to these steps, broader aspects such as the purpose and context of data analyses and the thorough documentation and transparency of the process, which are largely underreported, are essential. For instance, data for applications in herd management may have different requirements than those for genetic evaluation. As an example, if different versions of a software were used in a certain farm, but all animals from the same contemporary group had the same sensor version, the data would be useful for genetic purposes as geneticists are interested in differences among animals from the same group instead of the absolute values per se. Specific information related to data cleaning for different applications are found in the description of the use cases below.

	'''~~7.3.4~~ Specific aspects related to the example rumination''':		'''Specific aspects related to the example rumination''':

	# To check the measured trait and confirm that it is within biological ranges (e.g. if rumination values summed up to 24-h intervals are within biologically possible estimates).		# To check the measured trait and confirm that it is within biological ranges (e.g. if rumination values summed up to 24-h intervals are within biologically possible estimates).
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	To establish recording and data collection for rumination sensor data use in genetics, the following information is needed:		To establish recording and data collection for rumination sensor data use in genetics, the following information is needed:

	=== ~~7.4.2~~ Required information ===		=== Required information ===
	The items listed in Sections 1–4 below are considered essential inputs for routine genetic evaluation, whereas the fields under "Other potentially relevant information" and "Optional Information" are recommended primarily for research or extended applications when available.		The items listed in Sections 1–4 below are considered essential inputs for routine genetic evaluation, whereas the fields under "Other potentially relevant information" and "Optional Information" are recommended primarily for research or extended applications when available.

	The next section defines the data and standards recommended to be used for genetic evaluation. Specifications for data exchange are documented in <nowiki>https://github.com/adewg/ICAR</nowiki>.		The next section defines the data and standards recommended to be used for genetic evaluation. Specifications for data exchange are documented in <nowiki>https://github.com/adewg/ICAR</nowiki>.

	==== ~~7.4.2.1.~~ Animal Information: ====		==== Animal Information ====

	* '''Unique Animal ID:'''		* '''Unique Animal ID:'''
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	** Format as YYYY-MM-DD		** Format as YYYY-MM-DD

			'''Farm Information:'''
	'''~~7.4.2.2.~~ Farm Information:'''

	* '''Farm ID and Site ID''' (use ICAR ADE standards)		* '''Farm ID and Site ID''' (use ICAR ADE standards)
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	** Postal code, city, state/province, country, time zone		** Postal code, city, state/province, country, time zone

	==== ~~7.4.2.3.~~ Sensor Information ====		==== Sensor Information ====

	* '''Sensor brand:'''		* '''Sensor brand:'''
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	** It is part of other efforts within ICAR where manufacturers can obtain an ID for some type of device they are offering to customers.		** It is part of other efforts within ICAR where manufacturers can obtain an ID for some type of device they are offering to customers.

	==== ~~7.4.2.4.~~ Rumination Data ====		==== Rumination Data ====

	* '''Rumination Time:'''		* '''Rumination Time:'''
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	* ''<sup>17</sup> Bioeconomy and Environment, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland,''		* ''<sup>17</sup> Bioeconomy and Environment, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland,''
	* ''<sup>18</sup> McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, H9X 3V9, QC Canada.''<br />		* ''<sup>18</sup> McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, H9X 3V9, QC Canada.''<br />
	[[File:Section . Figure 3.jpg\|center\|thumb\|605x605px\|'''Organisations of the Authors of the Guidelines for Section 7.7''']]</div>		[[File:Section . Figure 3.jpg\|center\|thumb\|605x605px\|'''Organisations of the Authors of the Guidelines for Section 7.7''']]</div>xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
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Cmosconi at 11:20, 21 March 2026

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 <sup>2</sup>MT=multi-trait model, AM=animal model, S-MGS=Sire maternal grandsire, THR=Threshold model.
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 * ''<sup>16</sup>IT Solutions for Animal Production (vit), Heinrich-Schroeder-Weg 1, 27283 Verden, Germany,''
 * ''<sup>17</sup> Bioeconomy and Environment, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland,''
-* ''<sup>18</sup> McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, H9X 3V9, QC Canada.''
+* ''<sup>18</sup> McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, H9X 3V9, QC Canada.''<br />
+[[File:Section . Figure 3.jpg|center|thumb|605x605px|'''Organisations of the Authors of the Guidelines for Section 7.7''']]</div>
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Cmosconi: /* Dairy Cattle Health */

2026-03-21T11:16:11Z

Dairy Cattle Health

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