Section 07 – Bovine Functional Traits - Revision history

Cmosconi: /* Instructions for a tie-stall barn */

2026-06-19T10:38:54Z

Instructions for a tie-stall barn

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Cmosconi: /* BCS Scoring Systems and Their Diversity */

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BCS Scoring Systems and Their Diversity

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Cmosconi: /* Informative Readings */

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Informative Readings

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	Schirmann, K., von Keyserlingk, M.A.G., Weary, D.M., Veira, D.M., and Heuwieser, W (2009). Technical note: Validation of a system for monitoring rumination in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 92 :6052–6055. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2361		Schirmann, K., von Keyserlingk, M.A.G., Weary, D.M., Veira, D.M., and Heuwieser, W (2009). Technical note: Validation of a system for monitoring rumination in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 92 :6052–6055. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2361

	Welch, J. G. 1982. Rumination, particle size and passage from the rumen. J. Anim. Sci. 54:885–894. https:// doi .org/ 10 .2527/ jas1982.544885x.		Welch, J. G. 1982. Rumination, particle size and passage from the rumen. J. Anim. Sci. 54:885–894. https:// doi .org/ 10 .2527/ jas1982.544885x.

	== Part 3: Sensor data cleaning ==		== Part 3: Sensor data cleaning ==
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	Therefore, although we recognize the potential limitations of rumination variables for direct genetic evaluations, standardizing recording and data editing could facilitate the comparison of future research results (e.g., identification of novel traits for breeding purposes). Furthermore, rumination variables might be more useful for breeding and management purposes when combined with other variables such as sensor-based activity measures (e.g., lying, standing, feeding, drinking). It should be explicitly stated that sensor-derived phenotypic traits are proxy measurements, inferred from behavioural patterns to reflect underlying biological states and are not equivalent to veterinary diagnoses.		Therefore, although we recognize the potential limitations of rumination variables for direct genetic evaluations, standardizing recording and data editing could facilitate the comparison of future research results (e.g., identification of novel traits for breeding purposes). Furthermore, rumination variables might be more useful for breeding and management purposes when combined with other variables such as sensor-based activity measures (e.g., lying, standing, feeding, drinking). It should be explicitly stated that sensor-derived phenotypic traits are proxy measurements, inferred from behavioural patterns to reflect underlying biological states and are not equivalent to veterinary diagnoses.

	To establish recording and data collection for rumination sensor data use in genetics, the following information is needed:		To establish recording and data collection for rumination sensor data use in genetics, the following information are needed:

	=== Required information ===		=== Required information ===
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	Other potentially relevant information for genetic evaluations include the following points		Other potentially relevant information for genetic evaluations include the following points

			=== Other potentially relevant information for genetic evaluations: ===

	=== Index information and alarms ===		=== Index information and alarms ===
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	* Poppe ''et al.'' (2022)<ref name="Poppe2022">Poppe, M., H.A. Mulder, M.L. van Pelt, E. Mullaart, H. Hogeveen, and R.F. Veerkamp. 2022. Development of resilience indicator traits based on daily step count data for dairy cattle breeding. Genetics Selection Evolution 54:21. doi:10.1186/s12711-022-00713-x</ref>		* Poppe ''et al.'' (2022)<ref name="Poppe2022">Poppe, M., H.A. Mulder, M.L. van Pelt, E. Mullaart, H. Hogeveen, and R.F. Veerkamp. 2022. Development of resilience indicator traits based on daily step count data for dairy cattle breeding. Genetics Selection Evolution 54:21. doi:10.1186/s12711-022-00713-x</ref>
	* Chen ''et al.'' (2023): ~~<nowiki>~~https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2022-22754~~</nowiki>~~		* Chen ''et al.'' (2023): https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2022-22754
	* Poppe ''et al.'' (2021): ~~<nowiki>~~https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-19245~~</nowiki>~~		* Poppe ''et al.'' (2021): https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-19245

	=== Factors influencing rumination time ===		=== Factors influencing rumination time ===
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	Genetic parameters of rumination traits are presented in Brito et al. (2025)<ref name="Brito2025" />: Page 10458 (h[https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2025-26554 ttps://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2025-26554]).		Genetic parameters of rumination traits are presented in Brito et al. (2025)<ref name="Brito2025" />: Page 10458 (h[https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2025-26554 ttps://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2025-26554]).

	Open questions to follow up:		=== Open questions to follow up: ===

	* If cows are culled before a minimum observation period, how should their rumination records be treated for analytical purposes? How to integrate data collected in different lactation stages? (incomplete lactations).		* If cows are culled before a minimum observation period, how should their rumination records be treated for analytical purposes? How to integrate data collected in different lactation stages? (incomplete lactations).
	* How to combine data from different sensor brands? Evaluate genetic correlations based on rumination traits derived from different sensor type datasets.		* How to combine data from different sensor brands? Evaluate genetic correlations based on rumination traits derived from different sensor type datasets.

Cmosconi: /* Part 2: Terminology */

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Part 2: Terminology

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	The current guideline focuses on data from sensor systems measuring animal behaviour. These sensor systems can provide information on behavioural measurements like rumination, eating, lying or indexes like activity indexes or alerts for calving, oestrus or health events. Various sensor systems are based on different technologies using different algorithms and provide different information to the farmer..		The current guideline focuses on data from sensor systems measuring animal behaviour. These sensor systems can provide information on behavioural measurements like rumination, eating, lying or indexes like activity indexes or alerts for calving, oestrus or health events. Various sensor systems are based on different technologies using different algorithms and provide different information to the farmer..

	== Part 2: Terminology ==		== Part 2: Definition and Terminology ==
			'''Rumination:'''

			* '''Rumination''': the behavioral activity of ruminants that involves regurgitation, chewing and swallowing of partially digested feed (adapted after Welch 1982, Ruckebusch, 1988).
			* '''Rumination cycles or events''': a sequence of rhythmic chewing motions, starting with the regurgitation of a bolus and ending with the re-swallowing of that bolus (after Nørgaard, 2003; Schirmann et al., 2009) (See Figure 1).
			* '''Inter-event or inter-cycle period for rumination''': the period that starts when the bolus is swallowed and ends when the next bolus is regurgitated (Nørgaaard, 2003; Schirmann et al 2009). May be between 3 and 8 seconds (Rutter, 2000; Nørgaard, 2003).
			* '''Rumination bout''': a series of rumination events that are separated only by the inter-event intervals required for the swallowing of a bolus and regurgitation of the next bolus.
			* '''Inter-bout interval for rumination''': the period of time between rumination bouts. The exact period of time that must elapse after swallowing of the last bolus for it to be deemed that the bout has ended, has not been defined, but has been variously described as being between 3 and 7.5 minutes (Dado and Allen, 1994; Nørgaard, 2003).
			* '''Rumination time''': the total rumination time within a specified time interval (typically calculated for 1 hour or 1-day periods). This is the sum of the rumination bouts (i.e. rumination events and inter-event intervals

			[[File:Section 7-Figure 1.jpg\|center\|frame\|'''Figure 1. Terminology of rumination.''' '''Source: Schirmann et al., (2009), Nørgaard, (2003) and Ruckebusch, (1988)'''

			]]

	=== Suggested Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for sensor-based rumination data ===		=== Suggested Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for sensor-based rumination data ===
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	* Rumination time or proportion of time spent ruminating per time unit to enable investigation of circadian patterns and deviance, e.g. daily, hourly or 2-hourly summaries.		* Rumination time or proportion of time spent ruminating per time unit to enable investigation of circadian patterns and deviance, e.g. daily, hourly or 2-hourly summaries.
	* Coefficient of variation of hourly rumination		* Coefficient of variation of hourly rumination
			[[File:Section_7_Figure_1..jpg\|alt=Section 7 Figure 1\|center\|frame\|'''Figure 2. Example of sensor observed daily rumination time across the transition period in a herd.''']]
	[[File:Section_7_Figure_1..jpg\|alt=Section 7 Figure 1]]Figure 1. Example of sensor observed daily rumination time across the transition period in a herd

	''The same KPI principle applies to other behavioral traits that are continuously measured like e.g..''		''The same KPI principle applies to other behavioral traits that are continuously measured like e.g..''

Cmosconi: /* Disease Codes */

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Disease Codes

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	A full list of disease codes is available:		A full list of disease codes is available:

	# On the ICAR website ~~here -~~ https://www.icar.org/guidelines/icar-~~claw~~-health-key/ and,		# On the ICAR website at: https://www.icar.org/guidelines/icar-central-health-key/ and,
	# Can be downloaded as an .xlsx file ~~here -~~ https://www.icar.org/wp-content/uploads/documents/ICAR-Claw-Health-Key-coding-20180921.xls		# Can be downloaded as an .xlsx file at: https://www.icar.org/wp-content/uploads/documents/ICAR-Claw-Health-Key-coding-20180921.xls
			# Can be downloaded as an .xlsx file including measures here at: https://www.icar.org/wp-content/uploads/documents/ICAR-Central-Health-Key-2018-addinfo-20180921.xls

	== Acknowledgments ==		== Acknowledgments ==

Cmosconi: /* Sensor based behavior information for functional traits with focus on rumination */

2026-05-20T08:48:26Z

Sensor based behavior information for functional traits with focus on rumination

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	* ''<sup>18</sup> McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, H9X 3V9, QC Canada.''<br />		* ''<sup>18</sup> McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, H9X 3V9, QC Canada.''<br />
	[[File:Section . Figure 3.jpg\|center\|thumb\|605x605px\|'''Organisations of the Authors of the Guidelines for Section 7.7''']]		[[File:Section . Figure 3.jpg\|center\|thumb\|605x605px\|'''Organisations of the Authors of the Guidelines for Section 7.7''']]

			</div>
			</div>

	= ICAR/IDF Guidelines for Body Condition Scoring (BCS) =		= ICAR/IDF Guidelines for Body Condition Scoring (BCS) =

Cmosconi: /* ICAR/IDF Guidelines for Body Condition Scoring (BCS) */

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ICAR/IDF Guidelines for Body Condition Scoring (BCS)

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	= ICAR/IDF Guidelines for Body Condition Scoring (BCS) =		= ICAR/IDF Guidelines for Body Condition Scoring (BCS) =
			<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
			<div>

	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==
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	''<sup>18</sup>ZuchtData EDV-Dienstleistungen GmbH, Dresdner Str. 89, 1200 Vienna, Austria.''		''<sup>18</sup>ZuchtData EDV-Dienstleistungen GmbH, Dresdner Str. 89, 1200 Vienna, Austria.''
	</div>		</div>

			</div>
			</div>

Cmosconi: /* Recommendations for Use of BCS Scales */

2026-05-19T11:54:27Z

Recommendations for Use of BCS Scales

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	\|Assess 7-8 weeks before calving to adjust feeding as needed		\|Assess 7-8 weeks before calving to adjust feeding as needed
	\|}		\|}


	An optimal recording scheme could include dry off, pre-calving, calving, early lactation/pre-service, 1<sup>st</sup> service, pregnancy check, and late lactation. A representative random stratified sample of cows representing all lactations should be measured at key stages to ensure effective assessment.		An optimal recording scheme could include dry off, pre-calving, calving, early lactation/pre-service, 1<sup>st</sup> service, pregnancy check, and late lactation. A representative random stratified sample of cows representing all lactations should be measured at key stages to ensure effective assessment.
	</div>For further details, please refer to Gengler et al. (2024) and to the workshop “Recording and evaluation of BCS and its relationship with health and welfare” held in Montreal on the 31st of May 2022, organised by the “ICAR–IDF Joint Expert Advisory Group on BCS Guidelines”.		</div>For further details, please refer to Gengler et al. (2024) and to the workshop “Recording and evaluation of BCS and its relationship with health and welfare” held in Montreal on the 31st of May 2022, organised by the “ICAR–IDF Joint Expert Advisory Group on BCS Guidelines”.

			=== Authors and contributors to guideline ===
	Authors and contributors to guideline		These guidelines have been elaborated by a “Joint Expert Advisory Group on BCS Guidelines” which was composed out of members of the ICAR Functional Traits Working Group and the IDF Standing Committee of Health and Welfare as well as members of other ICAR Groups and international experts. We would like to thank also the participants can contributors to the ICAR-IDF webinar in Montreal 2022 for their valuable contribution. The c''orresponding author and leader of elaboration of these guidelines is'' [mailto:Nicolas.gengler@uliege.be nicolas.gengler@uliege.be].

	These guidelines have been elaborated by a “Joint Expert Advisory Group on BCS Guidelines” which was composed out of members of the ICAR Functional Traits Working Group and the IDF Standing Committee of Health and Welfare as well as members of other ICAR Groups and international experts. We would like to thank also the participants can contributors to the ICAR-IDF webinar in Montreal 2022 for their valuable contribution. The c''orresponding author and leader of elaboration of these guidelines is'' nicolas.gengler@uliege.be.

	'''Citation of guideline'''		'''Citation of guideline'''
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	Gengler, N.<sup>1,</sup> Gyawali, A.<sup>2</sup>, Brito, L.F.<sup>3</sup>, Bewley, J. M.<sup>4</sup>, Cole, J.<sup>5</sup>, de Jong, G.<sup>6</sup>, Fourdraine, R.H.<sup>7</sup>, Friggens, N.<sup>8</sup>, Haskell, M.<sup>9</sup>, Heringstad, B.<sup>10</sup>, Kelton, D.<sup>11</sup>, Pryce, J.<sup>12</sup>, Sievert, S.<sup>13</sup>, Stock, K. F.<sup>14</sup>, Stephen, M.<sup>15</sup>, Vasseur, E.<sup>16</sup>, Klaas, I.<sup>17</sup>, Egger-Danner, C<sup>.18</sup>. 2025. ICAR Guidelines for Body Condition Scoring (BCS).		Gengler, N.<sup>1,</sup> Gyawali, A.<sup>2</sup>, Brito, L.F.<sup>3</sup>, Bewley, J. M.<sup>4</sup>, Cole, J.<sup>5</sup>, de Jong, G.<sup>6</sup>, Fourdraine, R.H.<sup>7</sup>, Friggens, N.<sup>8</sup>, Haskell, M.<sup>9</sup>, Heringstad, B.<sup>10</sup>, Kelton, D.<sup>11</sup>, Pryce, J.<sup>12</sup>, Sievert, S.<sup>13</sup>, Stock, K. F.<sup>14</sup>, Stephen, M.<sup>15</sup>, Vasseur, E.<sup>16</sup>, Klaas, I.<sup>17</sup>, Egger-Danner, C<sup>.18</sup>. 2025. ICAR Guidelines for Body Condition Scoring (BCS).

	''<sup>1</sup> TERRA Teaching and Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium,''		''<sup>1</sup>TERRA Teaching and Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium''

	''<sup>2</sup> Aashish Gywali, LMU, Germany''		''<sup>2</sup>Aashish Gywali, LMU, Germany''

	''<sup>3</sup> Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA,''		''<sup>3</sup>Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA,''

	''<sup>4</sup> Holstein Association USA, 1 Holstein Place, PO Box 808, VT 05302-0808 Brattleboro, United States,''		''<sup>4</sup>Holstein Association USA, 1 Holstein Place, PO Box 808, VT 05302-0808 Brattleboro, United States,''

	''~~5 CDCB~~, USA''		''5CDCB, USA''

	''<sup>6</sup> CRV, Netherlands''		''<sup>6</sup>CRV, Netherlands''

	''<sup>7</sup> Dairy Records Management Systems, NC State University, 313 Chapanoke Road, Suite 100, Raleigh NC 27603, USA''		''<sup>7</sup>Dairy Records Management Systems, NC State University, 313 Chapanoke Road, Suite 100, Raleigh NC 27603, USA''

	''<sup>8</sup> INRAE, France''		''<sup>8</sup>INRAE, France''

	''<sup>9</sup> SRUC (Scotland’s Rural College), West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom,''		''<sup>9</sup>SRUC (Scotland’s Rural College), West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom,''

	''<sup>10</sup> Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway,''		''<sup>10</sup>Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway,''

	''<sup>11</sup> University of Guelph, Canada''		''<sup>11</sup>University of Guelph, Canada''

	''<sup>12</sup> Agriculture Victoria Research, Australia''		''<sup>12</sup>Agriculture Victoria Research, Australia''

	''<sup>13</sup> National DHIA & DHIA Services, USA''		''<sup>13</sup>National DHIA & DHIA Services, USA''

	''<sup>14</sup>IT Solutions for Animal Production (vit), Heinrich-Schroeder-Weg 1, 27283 Verden, Germany,''		''<sup>14</sup>IT Solutions for Animal Production (vit), Heinrich-Schroeder-Weg 1, 27283 Verden, Germany,''

	''<sup>15</sup> Dairy New Zealand, New Zealand''		''<sup>15</sup>Dairy New Zealand, New Zealand''

	''<sup>16</sup> McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, H9X 3V9, QC Canada.''		''<sup>16</sup>McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, H9X 3V9, QC Canada.''

	''<sup>17</sup>DeLaval International AB, Gustaf de Lavals Väg 15, 14721 Tumba, Sweden,''		''<sup>17</sup>DeLaval International AB, Gustaf de Lavals Väg 15, 14721 Tumba, Sweden,''

	''<sup>18</sup> ZuchtData EDV-Dienstleistungen GmbH, Dresdner Str. 89, 1200 Vienna, Austria.''		''<sup>18</sup>ZuchtData EDV-Dienstleistungen GmbH, Dresdner Str. 89, 1200 Vienna, Austria.''
	</div>		</div>

Cmosconi: /* Examples for BCS Systems Across Countries */

2026-05-19T11:46:38Z

Examples for BCS Systems Across Countries

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Cmosconi: /* Examples for BCS Systems Across Countries */

2026-05-19T11:18:19Z

Examples for BCS Systems Across Countries

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	=== Examples for BCS Systems Across Countries ===		=== Examples for BCS Systems Across Countries ===
	Different countries use various BCS scales and associated systems based on local practices and requirements for specific purposes. Table 1 gives details on some of the most commonly used systems:		Different countries use various BCS scales and associated systems based on local practices and requirements for specific purposes. Table 1 gives details on some of the most commonly used systems:



			zzzzzzzzzzzzzz

			<td style="width: 66; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-US">
			Scale</span></b></td>
			<td style="width: 153; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-US">
			Interval (classes)</span></b></td>
			<td style="width: 137; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-US">
			Method</span></b></td>
			<td style="width: 239; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-US">
			References</span></b></td>
			</tr>
			</thead>
			<tr>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 117; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">United
			Kingdom</span></td>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 66; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">0 to 5</span></td>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 153; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">0.5 (11)</span></td>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 137; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">
			Palpation</span></td>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 239; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">Mulvany
			(1977)</span></td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 117; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">New
			Zealand</span></td>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 66; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">1 to 10</span></td>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 153; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">0.5 (19)</span></td>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 137; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">
			Palpation</span></td>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 239; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">Roche et
			al. (2004)</span></td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 117; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">
			Australia</span></td>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 66; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">1 to 8</span></td>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 153; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">0.5 (15)</span></td>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 137; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">Visual</span></td>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 239; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">Earle et
			al. (1977)</span></td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 117; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">United
			States</span></td>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 66; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">1 to 5</span></td>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 153; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">1 (5)</span></td>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 137; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">
			Palpation/Visual</span></td>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 239; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">Wildman
			et al. (1982)</span></td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 117; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">United
			States</span></td>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 66; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">1 to 5</span></td>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 153; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">0.25
			(17)</span></td>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 137; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">
			Palpation/Visual</span></td>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 239; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">Ferguson
			et al. (1994)</span></td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 117; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">Multiple</span></td>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 66; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">1 to 9</span></td>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 153; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">1 (9)</span></td>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 137; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">Visual</span></td>
			<td valign="top" style="width: 239; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding: .75pt" align="center">
			<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.0pt"><span lang="FR-BE">
			<a href="https://wiki.icar.org/index.php/Section_05_â??_Conformation_Recording" style="color: #0563C1; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">
			<span lang="EN-US">ICAR confirmation classification system</span></a></span></td>



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