Test 5.1 - Revision history

Cmosconi at 16:51, 26 January 2026

2026-01-26T16:51:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:51, 26 January 2026
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	=== Body defects ===		=== Body defects ===

	==== Open shoulder ====		==== 1. Open shoulder ====
	A significant gap between the tip of the shoulder and the side of the body. Shoulder blades are not well attached to the body causing a significant gap between shoulder blade and body/ribs.		A significant gap between the tip of the shoulder and the side of the body. Shoulder blades are not well attached to the body causing a significant gap between shoulder blade and body/ribs.
	[[File:01 Open shoulder.jpg\|center\|frame\|'''Figure 1. Open shoulder''']]		[[File:01 Open shoulder.jpg\|center\|frame\|'''Figure 1. Open shoulder''']]

	==== Weak crops ====		==== 2. Weak crops ====
	The part of the animal behind the shoulder (just below the chine) is a lot narrower than the shoulder.		The part of the animal behind the shoulder (just below the chine) is a lot narrower than the shoulder.
	[[File:02 Weak crops.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 2. Weak crops'''\|alt=Figure 2. Weak crops\|frame]]		[[File:02 Weak crops.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 2. Weak crops'''\|alt=Figure 2. Weak crops\|frame]]

	==== Weak back including loin ====		==== 3. Weak back including loin ====
	Weakness in the topline in the middle of the back and/or loin		Weakness in the topline in the middle of the back and/or loin
	[[File:03 Weak back including loin.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 3. Weak back including loin'''\|alt=Figure 3. Weak back including loin\|frame]]		[[File:03 Weak back including loin.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 3. Weak back including loin'''\|alt=Figure 3. Weak back including loin\|frame]]

	==== Weak Back ====		==== 4. Weak Back ====
	[[File:04 Weak Back.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 4. Weak Back'''\|alt=Figure 4. Weak Back\|frame]]		[[File:04 Weak Back.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 4. Weak Back'''\|alt=Figure 4. Weak Back\|frame]]

	==== Weak Loin ====		==== 5. Weak Loin ====
	[[File:05 Weak Loin.jpg\|center\|'''Figyre 5. Weak Loin'''\|alt=Figyre 5. Weak Loin\|frame]]		[[File:05 Weak Loin.jpg\|center\|'''Figyre 5. Weak Loin'''\|alt=Figyre 5. Weak Loin\|frame]]

	==== Advanced anus ====		==== 6. Advanced anus ====
	Anus is ahead of pin bone. Tendency for the anus and vagina to be pulled forward		Anus is ahead of pin bone. Tendency for the anus and vagina to be pulled forward
	[[File:06 Advanced anus.jpg\|center\|frame]]		[[File:06 Advanced anus.jpg\|center\|frame]]

	==== High tail ====		==== 7. High tail ====
	Evaluated by considering the tailhead in relation to the pins viewed from the rear. It could be considered as a defect when tailhead is noticeably over pins.		Evaluated by considering the tailhead in relation to the pins viewed from the rear. It could be considered as a defect when tailhead is noticeably over pins.
	[[File:07 High tail.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 7. High tail'''\|alt=Figure 7. High tail\|frame]]		[[File:07 High tail.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 7. High tail'''\|alt=Figure 7. High tail\|frame]]

	==== Inset tailhead ====		==== 8. Inset tailhead ====
	Tailhead is located between the pin bones and can therefore not be seen from side		Tailhead is located between the pin bones and can therefore not be seen from side
	[[File:08 Inset tailhead.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 8. Inset tailhead'''\|alt=Figure 8. Inset tailhead\|frame]]		[[File:08 Inset tailhead.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 8. Inset tailhead'''\|alt=Figure 8. Inset tailhead\|frame]]

	==== Rump roof-shaped ====		==== 9. Rump roof-shaped ====
	[[File:09 Rump roof-shaped.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 9. Rump roof-shaped'''\|alt=Figure 9. 09 Rump roof-shaped\|frame]]		[[File:09 Rump roof-shaped.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 9. Rump roof-shaped'''\|alt=Figure 9. 09 Rump roof-shaped\|frame]]

	=== Feet and legs defects ===		=== Feet and legs defects ===

	==== Open Claw-s ====		==== 10. Open Claw-s ====
	Large gap between claws of any leg		Large gap between claws of any leg
	[[File:10 Open Claw-s.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 10. Open Claw-s'''\|alt=Figure 10. Open Claw-s\|frame]]		[[File:10 Open Claw-s.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 10. Open Claw-s'''\|alt=Figure 10. Open Claw-s\|frame]]

	==== Cork screw ====		==== 11. Cork screw ====
	[[File:11 Cork screw.jpg\|center\|thumb\|'''Figure 11. Cork screw''']]		[[File:11 Cork screw.jpg\|center\|thumb\|'''Figure 11. Cork screw''']]

	==== Crampy ====		==== 12. Crampy ====
	Unnatural or irregular contraction of muscles of one or both rear legs independent from source (crampy/Spastic Paresis).		Unnatural or irregular contraction of muscles of one or both rear legs independent from source (crampy/Spastic Paresis).
	[[File:12 Crampy.jpg\|alt=Table 12. Crampy\|center\|frame\|'''Table 12.Crampy''']]		[[File:12 Crampy.jpg\|alt=Table 12. Crampy\|center\|frame\|'''Table 12.Crampy''']]
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	[[File:Figure 17. Rear toes out.jpg\|alt=Figure 17. Rear toes out\|center\|frame\|'''Figure 17. Rear toes out''']]		[[File:Figure 17. Rear toes out.jpg\|alt=Figure 17. Rear toes out\|center\|frame\|'''Figure 17. Rear toes out''']]

	=== C. Mammary defects ===		=== Mammary defects ===

	==== 18. Thin teats ====		==== 18. Thin teats ====

Cmosconi at 16:48, 26 January 2026

2026-01-26T16:48:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:48, 26 January 2026
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	Unnatural or irregular contraction of muscles of one or both rear legs independent from source (crampy/Spastic Paresis).		Unnatural or irregular contraction of muscles of one or both rear legs independent from source (crampy/Spastic Paresis).
	[[File:12 Crampy.jpg\|alt=Table 12. Crampy\|center\|frame\|'''Table 12.Crampy''']]		[[File:12 Crampy.jpg\|alt=Table 12. Crampy\|center\|frame\|'''Table 12.Crampy''']]

			==== 13. Boggy hock-s ====
			Hocks are very coarse and show bumps on the inside of the hock
			[[File:13 Boggy hock-s.jpg\|alt=Table 13. Boggy hock-s\|center\|frame\|'''Table 13. Boggy hock-s''']]

			==== 14. Thurls too far back ====
			Distance of thurl position to rump bone is much higher compared to distance of thurl position to pin bone. On a horizontal line thurl position is much closer to pin as to rump bone.
			[[File:14 Thurls too far back.jpg\|center\|frame\|'''Table 14. Thurls too far back''']]

			==== 15. Weak pasterns ====
			Too much angle of the pastern joint.
			[[File:Table 15. Weak pasterns.jpg\|center\|frame\|'''Table 15. Weak pasterns''']]

			==== 16. Front toes out ====
			[[File:Figures 16. Front toes out.jpg\|center\|frame\|'''Figures 16. Front toes out''']]

			==== 17. Rear toes out ====
			[[File:Figure 17. Rear toes out.jpg\|alt=Figure 17. Rear toes out\|center\|frame\|'''Figure 17. Rear toes out''']]

			=== C. Mammary defects ===

			==== 18. Thin teats ====
			Teat with very small diameter.
			[[File:Figure 18. Thin teats.jpg\|alt=Figure 18. Thin teats\|center\|frame\|'''Figure 18. Thin teats''']]

			==== 19. Teat-s orientation not down ====
			One or more teats are not pointing down, but significantly outside/inside or forward/backward.
			[[File:Figure 19. Teat-s orientation not down.jpg\|alt=Figure 19. Teat-s orientation not down\|center\|frame\|'''Figure 19. Teat-s orientation not down''']]

			==== 20. Webbed teats ====
			An extra teat is attached to functional teat.
			[[File:Figure 20. Webbed teats.jpg\|center\|frame\|'''Figure 20. Webbed teats''']]

			==== 21. Teat(s) with side leak ====
			Little function hole on the side wall of the teat.
			[[File:Figure 21. Teat(s) with side leak.jpg\|alt=Figure 21. Teat(s) with side leak\|center\|frame\|'''Figure 21. Teat(s) with side leak''']]

			==== 22. Extra functional teat-s ====
			Extra teat-s which produce milk.
			[[File:Figure 22. Extra functional teat-s.jpg\|alt=Figure 22. Extra functional teat-s\|center\|frame\|'''Figure 22. Extra functional teat-s''']]

			==== 23. Bulgy fore udder ====
			The shape of the fore udder is very round.
			[[File:Figure 23. Bulgy fore udder.jpg\|alt=Figure 23. Bulgy fore udder\|center\|frame\|'''Figure 23. Bulgy fore udder''']]

			==== 24. Blind quarter-s ====
			Quarter never gives milk.
			[[File:Figure 24. Blind quarter-s.jpg\|alt=Figure 24. Blind quarter-s\|center\|frame\|'''Figure 24. Blind quarter-s''']]

			==== 25. Front teat spread forward ====
			[[File:Figure 25. Front teat spread forward.jpg\|alt=Figure 25. Front teat spread forward\|center\|frame\|'''Figure 25. Front teat spread forward''']]

			==== 26. Front teat spread out ====
			[[File:Figure 26. Front teat spread out.jpg\|alt=Figure 26. Front teat spread out\|center\|frame\|'''Figure 26. Front teat spread out''']]

			==== 27. Short teats behind ====
			[[File:Figure 27. Short teats behind.jpg\|alt=Figure 27. Short teats behind\|center\|frame\|'''Figure 27. Short teats behind''']]

			==== 28. Oedema udders ====
			[[File:Figure 28. Oedema udders.jpg\|alt=Figure 28. Oedema udders\|center\|frame\|'''Figure 28. Oedema udders''']]

			==== 29. Udder tilt ====
			[[File:Figure 29. Udder tilt.jpg\|center\|frame\|F'''igure 29. Udder tilt''']]

			==== 30. Two stage teats ====
			[[File:Figure 30. Two stage teats.jpg\|alt=Figure 30. Two stage teats\|center\|frame\|'''Figure 30. Two stage teats''']]

Cmosconi at 16:07, 26 January 2026

2026-01-26T16:07:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:07, 26 January 2026
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	~~xxxxx~~		'''Table 2. List of approved conformation defects.'''

	<div style="text-align:center;">		<div style="text-align:center;">
	~~'''''Table 2. List of approved conformation defects.'''''~~
	{\| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; width:100%;"
	! style="text-align:left;" \| No.		! style="text-align:left;" \| No.
	! Defect		! Defect
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	</div>		</div>

	=== Body defects ===		=== Body defects ===

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	==== Cork screw ====		==== Cork screw ====
	[[File:11 Cork screw.jpg\|center\|thumb\|'''Figure 11. Cork screw''']]		[[File:11 Cork screw.jpg\|center\|thumb\|'''Figure 11. Cork screw''']]

			==== Crampy ====
			Unnatural or irregular contraction of muscles of one or both rear legs independent from source (crampy/Spastic Paresis).
			[[File:12 Crampy.jpg\|alt=Table 12. Crampy\|center\|frame\|'''Table 12.Crampy''']]

Cmosconi at 16:01, 26 January 2026

2026-01-26T16:01:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:01, 26 January 2026
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	Per defect a definition is given in table 2 and it is indicated in which type of breed the defect can have added value.		Per defect a definition is given in table 2 and it is indicated in which type of breed the defect can have added value.


			xxxxx

	<div style="text-align:center;">		<div style="text-align:center;">
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	==== Weak crops ====		==== Weak crops ====
	The part of the animal behind the shoulder (just below the chine) is a lot narrower than the shoulder.		The part of the animal behind the shoulder (just below the chine) is a lot narrower than the shoulder.
	[[File:02 Weak crops.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 2. Weak crops''']]		[[File:02 Weak crops.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 2. Weak crops'''\|alt=Figure 2. Weak crops\|frame]]

	==== Weak back including loin ====		==== Weak back including loin ====
	Weakness in the topline in the middle of the back and/or loin		Weakness in the topline in the middle of the back and/or loin
	[[File:03 Weak back including loin.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 3. Weak back including loin''']]		[[File:03 Weak back including loin.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 3. Weak back including loin'''\|alt=Figure 3. Weak back including loin\|frame]]

	==== Weak Back ====		==== Weak Back ====
	[[File:04 Weak Back.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 4. Weak Back''']]		[[File:04 Weak Back.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 4. Weak Back'''\|alt=Figure 4. Weak Back\|frame]]

	==== Weak Loin ====		==== Weak Loin ====
	[[File:05 Weak Loin.jpg\|center\|'''Figyre 5. Weak Loin''']]		[[File:05 Weak Loin.jpg\|center\|'''Figyre 5. Weak Loin'''\|alt=Figyre 5. Weak Loin\|frame]]

	==== Advanced anus ====		==== Advanced anus ====
	Anus is ahead of pin bone. Tendency for the anus and vagina to be pulled forward		Anus is ahead of pin bone. Tendency for the anus and vagina to be pulled forward
	[[File:06 Advanced anus.jpg\|center]]		[[File:06 Advanced anus.jpg\|center\|frame]]

	==== High tail ====		==== High tail ====
	Evaluated by considering the tailhead in relation to the pins viewed from the rear. It could be considered as a defect when tailhead is noticeably over pins.		Evaluated by considering the tailhead in relation to the pins viewed from the rear. It could be considered as a defect when tailhead is noticeably over pins.
	[[File:07 High tail.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 7. High tail''']]		[[File:07 High tail.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 7. High tail'''\|alt=Figure 7. High tail\|frame]]

	==== Inset tailhead ====		==== Inset tailhead ====
	Tailhead is located between the pin bones and can therefore not be seen from side		Tailhead is located between the pin bones and can therefore not be seen from side
	[[File:08 Inset tailhead.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 8. Inset tailhead''']]		[[File:08 Inset tailhead.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 8. Inset tailhead'''\|alt=Figure 8. Inset tailhead\|frame]]

	==== Rump roof-shaped ====		==== Rump roof-shaped ====
	[[File:09 Rump roof-shaped.jpg\|center\|Figure 9. 09 Rump roof-shaped]]		[[File:09 Rump roof-shaped.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 9. Rump roof-shaped'''\|alt=Figure 9. 09 Rump roof-shaped\|frame]]

	=== Feet and legs defects ===		=== Feet and legs defects ===
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	==== Open Claw-s ====		==== Open Claw-s ====
	Large gap between claws of any leg		Large gap between claws of any leg
	[[File:10 Open Claw-s.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 10. Open Claw-s''']]		[[File:10 Open Claw-s.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 10. Open Claw-s'''\|alt=Figure 10. Open Claw-s\|frame]]

			==== Cork screw ====
			[[File:11 Cork screw.jpg\|center\|thumb\|'''Figure 11. Cork screw''']]

Cmosconi at 15:48, 26 January 2026

2026-01-26T15:48:30Z

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Cmosconi at 15:45, 26 January 2026

2026-01-26T15:45:48Z

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Cmosconi at 13:54, 26 January 2026

2026-01-26T13:54:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:54, 26 January 2026
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	==== Weak Back ====		==== Weak Back ====
	[[File:04 Weak Back.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 4. Weak Back''']]		[[File:04 Weak Back.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 4. Weak Back''']]

			==== Weak Loin ====
			[[File:05 Weak Loin.jpg\|center\|'''Figyre 5. Weak Loin''']]

			==== Advanced anus ====
			Anus is ahead of pin bone. Tendency for the anus and vagina to be pulled forward
			[[File:06 Advanced anus.jpg\|center]]

			==== High tail ====
			Evaluated by considering the tailhead in relation to the pins viewed from the rear. It could be considered as a defect when tailhead is noticeably over pins.
			[[File:07 High tail.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 7. High tail''']]

			==== Inset tailhead ====
			Tailhead is located between the pin bones and can therefore not be seen from side
			[[File:08 Inset tailhead.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 8. Inset tailhead''']]

			==== Rump roof-shaped ====
			[[File:09 Rump roof-shaped.jpg\|center\|Figure 9. 09 Rump roof-shaped]]

			=== Feet and legs defects ===

			==== Open Claw-s ====
			Large gap between claws of any leg
			[[File:10 Open Claw-s.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 10. Open Claw-s''']]

Cmosconi at 12:23, 26 January 2026

2026-01-26T12:23:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:23, 26 January 2026
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	A conformation defect could be scored when it has the following characteristics:-		A conformation defect could be scored when it has the following characteristics:-

	* ~~heritable~~		* Heritable
	* ~~not~~ rare		* Not rare
	* is problematic for functionality		* Is problematic for functionality
	* is clearly described and visible		* Is clearly described and visible
	* ~~should~~ be scored as 0/1/2 (as soon as there is more variation and the frequency in population is considerable, one could/should consider to score this trait as a linear trait (scale 1-9)		* Should be scored as 0/1/2 (as soon as there is more variation and the frequency in population is considerable, one could/should consider to score this trait as a linear trait (scale 1-9)
	* is used to come up with a score for a general characteristic		* Is used to come up with a score for a general characteristic

	Defects have no value to be scored when it is not used in determining general characteristics or when it is not used in a genetic evaluation.		Defects have no value to be scored when it is not used in determining general characteristics or when it is not used in a genetic evaluation.
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	The advantages of scoring defects are:		The advantages of scoring defects are:

	* ~~get~~ overview what the status of a specific defect is in the population		* Get overview what the status of a specific defect is in the population
	* ~~could~~ be used for determining the score for general characteristics		* Could be used for determining the score for general characteristics
	* ~~could~~ be used to present figures per bull		* Could be used to present figures per bull

	Disadvantage of scoring defects:		Disadvantage of scoring defects:

	* ~~difficult~~ to harmonize classifiers as definitions are not always clear and for training sessions it is very hard to find a group of cows representing all defects.		* Difficult to harmonize classifiers as definitions are not always clear and for training sessions it is very hard to find a group of cows representing all defects.

	Defects can be scored with 0 (not present), 1 (slightly present) or 2 (pronounced defect). More practical is that classifier score defects only when they are present, 1 (slightly present) or 2 (pronounced defect).		Defects can be scored with 0 (not present), 1 (slightly present) or 2 (pronounced defect). More practical is that classifier score defects only when they are present, 1 (slightly present) or 2 (pronounced defect).
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	==== Weak crops ====		==== Weak crops ====
	The part of the animal behind the shoulder (just below the chine) is a lot narrower than the shoulder.		The part of the animal behind the shoulder (just below the chine) is a lot narrower than the shoulder.
			[[File:02 Weak crops.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 2. Weak crops''']]

			==== Weak back including loin ====
			Weakness in the topline in the middle of the back and/or loin
			[[File:03 Weak back including loin.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 3. Weak back including loin''']]

			==== Weak Back ====
			[[File:04 Weak Back.jpg\|center\|'''Figure 4. Weak Back''']]

Cmosconi at 12:04, 26 January 2026

2026-01-26T12:04:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:04, 26 January 2026
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	Per defect a definition is given and it is indicated in which type of breed the defect can have added value.		Per defect a definition is given and it is indicated in which type of breed the defect can have added value.

	~~''Table 2. List of approved conformation defects.''~~

	~~xxxxxx~~

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	\|}		\|}

			=== Body defects ===

	~~xxxxxx~~		==== Open shoulder ====
			A significant gap between the tip of the shoulder and the side of the body. Shoulder blades are not well attached to the body causing a significant gap between shoulder blade and body/ribs.
			[[File:01 Open shoulder.jpg\|center\|frame\|'''Figure 1. Open shoulder''']]


			==== Weak crops ====
	~~A. Body defects~~		The part of the animal behind the shoulder (just below the chine) is a lot narrower than the shoulder.

	~~1. Open shoulder~~

	~~A significant gap between~~ the ~~tip of~~ the shoulder ~~and~~ the ~~side of~~ the ~~body. Shoulder blades are not well attached to the body causing a significant gap between~~ shoulder ~~blade and body/ribs~~.

Cmosconi: Created page with "== Recommendation on scoring conformation defects in cattle == === Introduction === In many conformation systems for cattle defects are scored when scoring animals for linear traits and general characteristics. Most of the time defects are used to determine the score for general characteristics. This chapter describes characteristics of defects for dairy, dual purpose and beef cattle and contains a list of proposed defects which could be used. They are considered to be..."

2026-01-26T11:53:12Z

Created page with "== Recommendation on scoring conformation defects in cattle == === Introduction === In many conformation systems for cattle defects are scored when scoring animals for linear traits and general characteristics. Most of the time defects are used to determine the score for general characteristics. This chapter describes characteristics of defects for dairy, dual purpose and beef cattle and contains a list of proposed defects which could be used. They are considered to be..."

New page

== Recommendation on scoring conformation defects in cattle ==

=== Introduction ===
In many conformation systems for cattle defects are scored when scoring animals for linear traits and general characteristics. Most of the time defects are used to determine the score for general characteristics.

This chapter describes characteristics of defects for dairy, dual purpose and beef cattle and contains a list of proposed defects which could be used. They are considered to be important for one of the breed types (dairy, dual purpose and/or beef) and could be considered by countries or organizations, that do not score them up to now. If a country or organization has already a list of defects, they could consider to reduce the list according to the ICAR list

=== Description of defect ===
Defects are not there to describe the whole variation in the population, but only a problematic trait (e.g. side leak) or a trait with a high enough frequency in the population.

The number of defects scored should be kept as low as possible as more defects means also more labor.

The easiest way to score conformation defects in a digital system is when a cow is scored for a group of the linear traits (frame, dairy strength, mammary system, legs/feet), the classifier is requested by the system if there are any defects within this particular group.

A conformation defect could be scored when it has the following characteristics:-

* heritable
* not rare
* is problematic for functionality
* is clearly described and visible
* should be scored as 0/1/2 (as soon as there is more variation and the frequency in population is considerable, one could/should consider to score this trait as a linear trait (scale 1-9)
* is used to come up with a score for a general characteristic

Defects have no value to be scored when it is not used in determining general characteristics or when it is not used in a genetic evaluation.

The advantages of scoring defects are:

* get overview what the status of a specific defect is in the population
* could be used for determining the score for general characteristics
* could be used to present figures per bull

Disadvantage of scoring defects:

* difficult to harmonize classifiers as definitions are not always clear and for training sessions it is very hard to find a group of cows representing all defects.

Defects can be scored with 0 (not present), 1 (slightly present) or 2 (pronounced defect). More practical is that classifier score defects only when they are present, 1 (slightly present) or 2 (pronounced defect).

=== Approved standard defects ===
The list with approved conformation defects is chosen such that they satisfy the characteristics mentioned in 6.2.

Per defect a definition is given and it is indicated in which type of breed the defect can have added value.

''Table 2. List of approved conformation defects.''

xxxxxx

{| class="wikitable"
|+''Table 2. List of approved conformation defects''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Defects
! colspan="3" | '''Used in type of breed'''
|-
|'''Dairy'''
|'''Dual purpose'''
|'''Beef'''
|-
|1
|Open shoulder
|X
|X
|
|-
|2
|Weak crops
|X
|
|
|-
|3
|Weak back including loin
|X
|
|
|-
|4
|Weak Back
|
|X
|
|-
|5
|Weak Loin
|
|X
|
|-
|6
|Advanced anus
|X
|
|
|-
|7
|High tail
|X
|
|X
|-
|8
|Inset tailhead
|X
|
|
|-
|9
|Rump roof-shaped
|
|X
|
|-
|10
|Open claws
|X
|X
|X
|-
|11
|Cork screw
|
|X
|
|-
|12
|Crampy
|X
|
|
|-
|13
|Boggy hock-s
|X
|
|X
|-
|14
|Thurls too far back
|X
|
|
|-
|15
|Weak pasterns
|X
|
|
|-
|16
|Front toes out
|
|X
|
|-
|17
|Rear toes out
|
|X
|
|-
|18
|Thin teats
|X
|
|
|-
|19
|Teat-s orientation not down
|X
|
|
|-
|20
|Webbed teats
|X
|X
|
|-
|21
|Side leak
|X
|X
|
|-
|22
|Extra functional teats
|X
|X
|
|-
|23
|Bulgy fore udder
|X
|
|
|-
|24
|Blind quarter
|X
|
|
|-
|25
|Front teat spread forward
|
|X
|
|-
|26
|Front teat spread out
|
|X
|
|-
|27
|Short teats behind
|
|X
|
|-
|28
|Oedema udders
|
|X
|
|-
|29
|Udder tilt
|
|X
|
|-
|30
|Two stage teats
|
|X
|
|}

xxxxxx

A. Body defects

1. Open shoulder

A significant gap between the tip of the shoulder and the side of the body. Shoulder blades are not well attached to the body causing a significant gap between shoulder blade and body/ribs.