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• 17:41, 31 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Laser Methane Detector (content was: "The laser CH₄ detector (LMD) is a highly responsive, hand-held device that is pointed at an animal’s nostrils and measures CH₄ column density along the length of the laser beam (ppm.m). In the first implementation of LMD on a farm, measurements for each cow were taken over periods of 15 to 25 seconds between eructation events and could detect CH<sub>...", and the only contributor was "Lbenzoni" (talk))
• 17:40, 31 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Greenfeed (content was: "GreenFeed (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, South Dakota, USA) is a sniffer system where breath samples are provided when animals visit a bait station (Huhtanen et al., 2015<ref name=":0">Huhtanen, P., Cabezas-Garcia, E.H., Utsumi, S., and Zimmerman, S. 2015. Comparison of methods to determine methane emissions from dairy cows in farm conditions. J. Dairy Sci. 98:3394–3409. doi:1...", and the only contributor was "Lbenzoni" (talk))
• 17:36, 31 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Methane measuring methods (content was: "Several factors influence the choice of measurement method such as cost, level of accuracy, precision, scope of application, and scale, which vary across disciplines (Cassandro et al., 2013<ref>Cassandro, M. 2013. Comparing local and cosmopolitan cattle breeds on added values for milk and cheese production and their predicted methane emissions. Animal Genetic Resources/Ressources génétiques animales/Recursos genéticos animales, available on CJO2013. doi:10.1017/S2078 6336120...")
• 17:33, 31 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Merging and sharing data in genetic evaluations (content was: "Early 2016 an attempt to make cross country evaluations of CH₄ emissions from Holstein dairy cattle was initiated. The work was based on data from NL, DK, AUS, UK and IR. In total, 12,820 weekly CH₄ emission records from 2,857 cows were available. Although different equipment was used across countries to measure CH₄ emissions, the research a...", and the only contributor was "Lbenzoni" (talk))
• 17:29, 31 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Methane determining factors (content was: "== Diet and rumen microbiota == Table 1 contains a list of dietary or microbiota factors that determine CH₄ production. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Factors !Reference |- |The main determinants of daily methane production are dry matter intake and diet composition: the more feed consumed, and/or the greater the fibre content of the diet, the more methane is produced...", and the only contributor was "Lbenzoni" (talk))
• 17:22, 31 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Meat, reproduction and maternal trait in sheep and goats: Reproduction, maternal and lamb/kid survival traits (content was: "Maternal traits are typically either: 1. Measured directly on breeding females, 2. Measured on breeding males, or 3. Measured on offspring directly, and 4. Measured on offspring and the maternal genetic variance apportioned accordingly. * Ultrasonic scanning no. lambs/kids (1). * Number of lambs/kids born alive (1). * Number of lambs/kids born dead (1). * Number of lambs/kid...", and the only contributor was "Aashish" (talk))
• 17:21, 31 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Meat, reproduction and maternal trait in sheep and goats: Meat traits (content was: " == General considerations and rationale == Production of meat is the main product from sheep in many countries and a significant source of income from sheep and goat farming. As carcass traits are expressed post-mortem, predictors are used in vivo for carcass quality that are correlated to economically important post-slaughter measurements. These normally reflect what farmers...", and the only contributor was "Aashish" (talk))
• 17:15, 31 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Meat, reproduction and maternal trait in sheep and goats: Growth traits (content was: "== Introduction == Lamb/kids growth to weaning and post-weaning growth to slaughter is a key aspect of meat production systems. Adult size of sire and dam influence lamb and kid growth that follows the typical gompertz curve trajectory (Lambe ''et al''., 2006)<ref>Lambe, N.R., Navajas, E.A., Simm, G., Bünger, L. (2006). A genetic investigation of various growth models to desc...", and the only contributor was "Aashish" (talk))
• 17:10, 31 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Laser methane detector (content was: "The LMD can be used in the animal’s normal environment, although for consistency restraint is required during measurement. Because the LMD measures CH4 in the plume originating from the animal’s nostrils, results can be affected by factors such as: distance from the animal; pointing angle; animal’s head orientation and head movement; air movement and temperature in th...", and the only contributor was "Lbenzoni" (talk))
• 17:06, 31 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page GreenFeed (content was: "A limitation of the GreenFeed system is that animals require training to use the system, although animals which have been trained to use the system will readily use it again (Velazco et al., 2014). However, some animals will not use the system or will use it infrequently, and frequency of visits is affected by diet (Hammond et al., 2016B). This can be a challenge when scree...", and the only contributor was "Lbenzoni" (talk))
• 16:58, 31 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page General Rules: Supervision of milk recording (content was: "==Basic rules== # ICAR Members involved in farm animal recording shall establish a system of supervision and quality control. # ICAR Members demonstrate that they have sufficient supervision by registering their supervisory practices with the ICAR Secretariat and by reporting on the checks carried out in the year. ==Rules on supervisory practices== The supervision must ascerta...", and the only contributor was "Bgolden" (talk))
• 16:57, 31 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page General Rules: Performance recording of milk (content was: "The ICAR Agreement (refer to the Preamble of the ICAR Guidelines) allows organisations a degree of freedom in deciding recording practices. ICAR recording methods are: {| class="wikitable" | '''Method A''' All the recordings are undertaken by an official representative of the Recording Organisation. This includes recordings undertaken by approved on farm syste...", and the only contributor was "Bgolden" (talk))
• 16:54, 31 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page General Rules: Registration of recording methods (content was: "==Duties of member organisations operating or approving recording services== Each member organisation is obliged to inform ICAR on recording methods used. ICAR should be informed, when the methods change. The description of the methods of recording should include the following items: ==Identification and parentage== # The method of recording the date of birth/breed and the se...", and the only contributor was "Bgolden" (talk))
• 16:45, 31 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Feed Intake: Utilizing existing feed intake data (content was: " Worldwide, there are relatively few designed experiments specifically suited for genetic analysis of feed intake (and related traits). Examples are, the long term experiment at the Scottish Agricultural College (now SRUC) Dairy Research Centre based at Langhill herd, Edinburgh<ref>Pryce, J.E., Nielsen, B.L., Veerkamp, R.F., and Simm, G. 1999. Genotype and feeding system effects and interactions for health and fertility traits in dairy cattle. Livest. Prod. Sci. 57:193-201.</re...")
• 16:44, 31 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Feed Intake: Setting up optimal data recording (content was: " When starting to collect feed intake records, an important question is how to optimize the “number of gate-days per year” by “number of cows x recording period per cow”? The number of cows can be established by the theoretical prediction from Daetwyler et al.<ref name="Daetwyler" /> The actual accuracy obtained with cross validation when records were used within count...", and the only contributor was "Bgolden" (talk))
• 16:42, 31 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Feed Intake: Recording intake indoors and at pasture (content was: "The minimal requirement for recording individual feed intake is the amount of fresh feed offered and refused per cow per day, with the associated dry matter percentage. Direct measurement of stalled cows is straightforward, but contamination of refused feed by drinking water must be prevented, and stalled cows may not behave in the same way as cows in freestalls. Also, measurement of concentrates is relatively easy, since concentrate are often dispersed in limited and fixed amo...")
• 16:40, 31 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Feed Intake: Proxies for feed intake (content was: "Regardless of international collaboration, recording of feed intake will always be a limiting factor for accurate breeding values.<ref>Veerkamp, R.F., Pryce, J.E., Spurlock, D., Berry, D., Coffey, M., Løvendahl, P., van der Linde, R., Bryant, J., Miglior, F., Wang, Z., Winters, M., Krattenmacher, N., Charfeddine, N., Pedersen, J., de Haas, Y. 2013. Selection on feed intake or feed efficiency: A position paper from gDMI breeding goal discussions. INTERBULL BULLETIN NO. 47. Nant...")
• 16:39, 31 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Feed Intake: Number animals per bin (content was: "The behaviour of the animal has influence on how they should be held. Cows are diurnal animals; they prefer to synchronise their behaviour. This has influence on how much space they need while eating. Enough space needs to be available so that natural cow behaviour is not affected. The number of animals per bin is also influenced by the amount of feed that is given to the animals. Cows can be fed a set amount of feed, which is often done on farms, or ad libitum, which is often...")
• 16:38, 31 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Feed Intake: Lactation period (content was: "Ideally, feed intake should be measured across the lifetime of an animal. This is not realistic and often only short periods of recording are available. In lactating animals, it might be of particular importance to consider the period that feed intake is measured. Cows might compensate a more negative energy balance in early lactation by a higher intake during late lactation. Hence, biological feed intake might be a different trait during different parts of the lactation, which...")
• 16:36, 31 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Feed Intake: Feeding system (content was: "The diet fed to the cows should be balanced to meet requirements for energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins, and feeding a well-mixed TMR using silages or other wet feeds is likely to minimize sorting. If the feed is dry, such as a dry cubed feed, it can be important to measure the %dry matter in the refused feed separately. Common practice is that the diet is fed ad libitum, but there is little known about the effects of not doing so. The diet should be comparable to that fe...")
• 16:36, 31 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Feed Intake: Merging and sharing data in genetic evaluations (content was: "To increase the accuracy, it is important that feed intake records are collected on animals as closely related to the selection candidates as possible. A large genetic distance between historical data and current selection candidates is therefore a disadvantage. Also, the genetic connectedness between contemporary groups, through common sires, is important to separate the permanent environmental and genetic effects in the data. With many small, disconnected nutritional experime...")
• 16:32, 31 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Feed Intake: Feed efficiency in the breeding goal (content was: "At first sight, the inclusion of feed intake or efficiency in the breeding goal may seem a relatively simple matter. The goal is more milk with less feed. Several factors, however, complicate the inclusion of feed intake or efficiency in a balanced breeding goal.<ref>Veerkamp, R.F., Pryce, J.E., Spurlock, D., Berry, D., Coffey, M., Løvendahl, P., van der Linde, R., Bryant, J., Miglior, F., Wang, Z., Winters, M., Krattenmacher, N., Charfeddine, N., Pedersen, J., de Haas, Y. 201...")
• 18:32, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Feed Intake: Definitions, Terminology, and Scope (content was: "Table 1 contains a list of important definitions for terms and abbreviations used in Guidelines for Recording Feed Intake for Genetic Evaluation. <center> {|class="wikitable" |+''Table 1. Definitions of Terms used in these guidelines.'' |- !| Term !| Definition |- | DM | Dry matter...", and the only contributor was "Bgolden" (talk))
• 18:32, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Feed Intake: Chemical analysis (content was: " In these guidelines only the determination of dry matter content is discussed. Determination of dry matter is a relatively simple and quick process that can be done easily . The most common way that moisture is determined is through evaporation of water from the feed, leaving only the dry contents behind. However, there are also electronic methods that have been used to determine moisture content of feeds. Dry matter can be determined using: Forced Air Oven, Koster Tester, Mic...")
• 18:31, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Feed Intake: Calibration (content was: "Calibration of a scale is essential to keep measurements accurate. Scales have to be calibrated regulary to make sure that problems in the scales will not have influence on your measurements. How often to calibrate is dependent on multiple factors: manufacturers recommendation, how often the scale is used, the environment the scale is in, and how detailed your observation has to be <ref>Precision Solutions inc. (2018, June 28). Guide to Scale Calibration | How Often Should Cali...")
• 18:30, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Feed Intake: Bulls, cows and young stock (content was: "Recording on milking cows might be difficult, and practically it might be easier to record feed intake on young stock or bulls. Genetic correlations of these non-lactating animals with lactating animals were above 0.74<ref>Nieuwhof, G.J., Van. Arendonk J.A.M., Vos, H., and Korver, S., 1992. Genetic relationships between feed intake, efficiency and production traits in growing bulls, growing heifers and lactating heifers. Livest. Prod. Sci. 32:189-202.</ref> indicating that more...")
• 18:30, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Feed Intake: Additional recording (content was: "In addition to recording feed intake, it seems obvious that cow identification and pedigree must be recorded for genetic analysis. However, nutritional experiments often use their own anonymous local identification number for cows, which makes it hard to trace the cow back to a national pedigree register. Ideally a DNA, or a hair or blood sample, should be collected from each...", and the only contributor was "Bgolden" (talk))
• 18:29, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Feed Intake: Acknowledgements (content was: "This document is the result of the ICAR Feed and Gas Working Group and its industry and research liaison group. The members of the ICAR Feed and Gas Working Group at the time of publication are, in alphabetical order: * Christine Baes, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Canada and Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland *...", and the only contributor was "Bgolden" (talk))
• 18:25, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Documentation (content was: "== Documentation == Documentation is the precondition of use of fertility data for management and breeding purposes. Pre-requisite information: # Unique animal identification of both the cow and service sire. # Unique herd identification. # Ancestry or pedigree information (at the very least the cow's sire should be recorded). # Birth registration. # A central database (Often data is...", and the only contributor was "Rene" (talk))
• 18:23, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Data security (content was: "== Data security == Data security is a universally important issue when collecting and using field data. However, the central role of dairy cattle health in the context of animal welfare and consumer protection implies that farmers and veterinarians are obligated to maintain high-quality records, emphasizing the particular sensitivity of health data. The legal framework for use of hea...", and the only contributor was "Rene" (talk))
• 18:20, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Dairy Sheep and Goats: Milk recording in goats (content was: "= Milk recording in goats = The purpose of the present standards and guidelines is to provide results which can be applied for integrated selection schemes and for international exchange of animals and information. === Definitions of milk traits === The following situations therefore arise: ==== Milking from kidding ==== The goats are milked after kidding (once the colostral phase is over) as is usually the case with dairy cattle. File:Milking from kidding.png|center|thumb|...")
• 18:19, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Dairy Sheep and Goats: Annex 2. Dairy Sheep - lactation calculation clauses if milking from lambing (content was: "center|thumb|500x500px center|thumb|700x700px We recommend that the approved organisations define, for each breed and category of ewes (age or lactation number), a production of reference per lactation, with a standard lactation length close to the aver...", and the only contributor was "Aashish" (talk))
• 18:19, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Dairy Sheep and Goats: Annex 1. Dairy Sheep - rules and standard obligations in all situations (content was: " = Annex 1. Dairy Sheep - rules and standard obligations in all situations = === Ewes to be controlled === Whenever there is (quantitative) milk recording for the recorded flock, all the ewes being exclusively milked (of the breeds or genotypes involved in the breeding programme) must be recorded i.e. milk recording is realised only when the ewe is definitively separated from...", and the only contributor was "Aashish" (talk))
• 18:17, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Dairy Cattle Health: Types and Sources of Data (content was: "== Types and sources of data == === Types of data === The collection of direct information on health and disease status of individual animals is preferable to collection of indirect information. However, population-wide collection of reliable health information may be easier to implement for indirect rather than direct measures of health. Analyses of health traits will probably benefi...", and the only contributor was "Rene" (talk))
• 18:17, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Dairy Cattle Health: Trait Definition (content was: "== Trait definition == Most health incidents in dairy herds fit into a few major disease complexes (e.g., Heringstad ''et al''., 2007<ref>Heringstad, B., Klemetsdal, G., Steine, T., 2007. Selection responses for disease resistance in two selection experiments with Norwegian red cows. [https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-805 J. Dairy Sci. 90: 2419-2426].</ref>; Koeck ''et al''., 2010a<ref>...", and the only contributor was "Rene" (talk))
• 18:16, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Dairy Cattle Health: Standardization of Recording (content was: "== Standardization of recording == In order to avoid misinterpretation of health information and facilitate analysis, a unique code should be used for recording each type of health incident. This code must fulfil the following conditions: # Clear definitions of the health incidents to be recorded, without opportunities for different interpretations. # Includes a broad spectrum of dise...", and the only contributor was "Rene" (talk))
• 18:12, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Dairy Cattle Health: Keys to Long-Term Success (content was: "== Keys to long-term success == Regardless of the sources of health data included, long-term acceptance of the health recording system and success of the health improvement program will rely on the sustained motivation of all parties involved. To achieve this, frequent, honest, and open communications between the institutions responsible for storage and analysis of health data and peop...", and the only contributor was "Rene" (talk))
• 18:12, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Dairy Cattle Health: Documentation (content was: "== Documentation == Minimum requirements for documentation: # Unique animal ID (ISO number). # Place of recording (unique ID of farm/herd). # Source of data (veterinarian, producer, expert group, others). # Date of health incident. # Type of health incident (standardized code for recording). Useful additional documentation: # Individual identification of the recording person. # Deta...", and the only contributor was "Rene" (talk))
• 18:10, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Dairy Cattle Health: Data Security (content was: "== Data security == Data security is a universally important issue when collecting and using field data. However, the central role of dairy cattle health in the context of animal welfare and consumer protection implies that farmers and veterinarians are obligated to maintain high-quality records, emphasizing the particular sensitivity of health data. The legal framework for use of hea...", and the only contributor was "Rene" (talk))
• 18:09, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Dairy Cattle Health: Data Quality (content was: "== Data quality == === General quality checks === Mandatory information will be used for basic plausibility checks. Additional information can be used for more sophisticated and refined validation of health data when those data are available. # The recording farm must be registered to record and transmit health data. # If information on the person recording the data are provided, th...", and the only contributor was "Rene" (talk))
• 18:07, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Dairy Cattle Genetic Evaluation: Pre-evaluation steps (content was: "=== Introduction === All countries are recommended to establish national GES for all of their locally and internationally recognised breeds. Assignment of an animal to a specific breed is justified if 75% of the animal’s genes originate from that breed (or both sire and maternal grandsire are from the breed of evaluation). For the sake of international evaluation, bulls sho...", and the only contributor was "Aashish" (talk))
• 17:51, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Dairy Cattle Genetic Evaluation: Post Evaluation steps (content was: " === Criteria for official publication of evaluation === In general, evaluation results should be accompanied by reliabilities for EBVs and considered as official for all animals entering national GES. For randomly sampled young bulls a minimum Effective Daughter Contribution (EDC, visit www.interbull.org for more information) of 10 is recommended. Official publications of ind...", and the only contributor was "Aashish" (talk))
• 17:50, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Dairy Cattle Genetic Evaluation: International evaluation (content was: " === Comparison of animal evaluations === Data used for comparison of animal evaluations across countries or international genetic evaluations should be checked for possible errors and/or inconsistencies by the NGECs involved. International comparisons are recommended to utilize Interbull genetic evaluation results for all country-breed-trait combinations where such exists....", and the only contributor was "Aashish" (talk))
• 17:48, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page Dairy Cattle Genetic Evaluation: Evaluation steps (content was: " === Statistical treatment and effects in the genetic evaluation model === Organisations responsible for national GES should strive for simplicity of the analysis model and avoid amendments that reduce simplicity and clarity of the analysis model. The best model should be decided upon considering the fit and predictive ability of the model. Decision on statistical treatments...", and the only contributor was "Aashish" (talk))
• 17:45, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page DNA Technology: Molecular Genetics (content was: " === Genetic Markers === Genetic markers are the fundamental molecular tools for genomics, even as the type of marker used has changed. The first genetic marker associations in livestock were reported using blood typing in the 1960s, the technology then moved to microsatellites (MS) in the 1990s and more recently to the use of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP). SNP and MS a...", and the only contributor was "Aashish" (talk))
• 17:44, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page DNA Technology: ICAR Services Related to DNA Technology (content was: "ICAR offers three services that are related to the use of DNA all of which are linked to parentage analysis in one form or another, as shown in Figure 1. ICAR DNA services., and describing them in more detail in the other sections. thumb|Figure 1. ICAR DNA services.|center")
• 17:43, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page DNA Technology: ICAR Accreditation of Laboratories Providing DNA Genotyping Services (content was: " == Introduction == Considering the need for high quality standards in all uses of molecular data, ICAR has for several years offered an accreditation service based on defined minimum requirements for laboratories providing DNA genotyping services. The basic requirements of this accreditation include proof of the minimum internal management quality assurance standards and a Ra...", and the only contributor was "Aashish" (talk))
• 17:42, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page DNA Technology: Genotype Exchange Service – GenoEx-PSE (content was: "Effective 2018, ICAR has made available a genotype exchange service for parentage analysis, GenoEx-PSE, offered through the Interbull Centre. The main goal of this service is to facilitate the international exchange of SNP genotypes such that approved service users can carry out parentage analysis services at a national level in an efficient manner. The GenoEx-PSE database sys...", and the only contributor was "Aashish" (talk))
• 17:41, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page DNA Technology: Accreditation of Organisations Performing SNP-Based Parentage Analysis (content was: " === Introduction === With the advent of SNP genotyping, the function of DNA genotyping as a laboratory activity can be separated from the functions of performing parentage verification and parentage discovery. Consequently, ICAR has established a separate accreditation for applying the results of SNP-based genotyping, which may be undertaken by laboratories, breed association...", and the only contributor was "Aashish" (talk))
• 17:39, 30 December 2024 Cmosconi talk contribs deleted page DNA Technology: Appendix list (content was: " === Appendix 1. Link to SNP markers recommended by ISAG for parentage verification === https://www.icar.org/Guidelines/04-DNA-Technology-App-1-Cattle-SNP-ISAG-core-additional-panel-2013.xlsx === Appendix 2. Application form for microsatellite-based parentage testing in cattle === Please refer [https://www.icar.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Annex-II-Application-Form-for-STR-...", and the only contributor was "Aashish" (talk))