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• 20:54, 14 February 2024 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page Proxies Discussion (Created page with "The greatest limitation of proxies today is the lack of robustness in their general applicability. Future efforts should therefore be directed towards developing combinations of proxies that are robust and applicable across diverse production systems and environments. Here we present the present status of the knowledge of proxies and their predictive value for CH4 emission. Proxies related to body weight or milk yield and composition are relatively simple, low-cost, high...") Tag: Visual edit
• 20:49, 14 February 2024 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page Proxies (Created page with "=== INTRODUCTION === Large-scale measurements of enteric CH4 emissions from dairy cows are needed for effective monitoring of strategies to reduce the carbon footprint of milk production, as well as for incorporation of CH4 emissions into breeding programs. However, measurements on a sufficiently large scale are difficult and expensive. Proxies for CH4 emissions can provide an alternative, but each approach has limitations. Negussie et al. (2019) recently showed the pote...") Tag: Visual edit
• 20:46, 14 February 2024 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page Comparison of methods to measure methane (Created page with "Correlations among methods Pro's and con's of devices") Tag: Visual edit
• 20:45, 14 February 2024 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page Pro's and con's of devices (Created page with "== DAILY METHANE EMISSION MEASURES == Due to the large diurnal variation in enteric CH4 emission in relation with feeding pattern (Grainger et al., 2007; Jonker et al. 2014), the highest accuracy of daily CH4 production rate (DMPR) will be obtained with methods that encompass the whole day emissions. Two methods are available: Respiration Chambers (RC) and SF6 methods. Alternative methods are based on short-term measures of CH4 production rate: Portable Accumulation Cha...") Tag: Visual edit
• 20:42, 14 February 2024 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page Correlations among methods (Created page with "Table 4 shows correlations between the respiratory chamber method as the gold standard to measure CH4 emission from cows and other methods from Garnsworthy et al. (2019). {| class="wikitable" |+ !Method !Correlation !S.E. |- |Respiratory chamber - SF6 |0.87 | - 0.08 |- |Respiratory chamber - Greenfeed |0.81 | - 0.1 |- |Respiratory chamber - NDIR | - 0.07 |0.88 |- |Respiratory chamber - NDIR peak |0.72 | - 0.11 |- |Respiratory chamber - PAIR | - 0.08 |0.7 |- |SF6 - Greenf...") Tag: Visual edit
• 20:35, 14 February 2024 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page Discussion of methods (Created page with "* SF6 vs Respiration chamber * Breath sampling during milking and feeding vs Respiration chamber * NDIR vs LMD * Greenfeed * Laser Methane Detector") Tag: Visual edit
• 20:35, 14 February 2024 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page Laser methane detector (Created page with "The LMD can be used in the animal’s normal environment, although for consistency restraint is required during measurement. Because the LMD measures CH4 in the plume originating from the animal’s nostrils, results can be affected by factors such as: distance from the animal; pointing angle; animal’s head orientation and head movement; air movement and temperature in the barn; adjacent animals; and operator variation (Sorg et al., 2017). Operator variation is likely...") Tag: Visual edit
• 20:33, 14 February 2024 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page GreenFeed (Created page with "A limitation of the GreenFeed system is that animals require training to use the system, although animals which have been trained to use the system will readily use it again (Velazco et al., 2014). However, some animals will not use the system or will use it infrequently, and frequency of visits is affected by diet (Hammond et al., 2016B). This can be a challenge when screening commercial herds for CH4 emission under genetic evaluation. On the other hand, animals seem to...") Tag: Visual edit
• 20:31, 14 February 2024 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page NDIR vs LMD (Created page with "Both methods are low invasive. LMD needs larger labor force, wheras NDIR can be used during milking and feeding. According to Rey at al. (2019), the repeatability of the CH4 concentration was greater for NDIR (0.42) than for LMD (0.23). Correlation between methods was moderately high and positive for CH4 concentration (0.73 and 0.74,respectively) and number of peaks (0.72 and 0.72, respectively), and the repeated measures correlation and the individual-level correlation...") Tag: Visual edit
• 20:30, 14 February 2024 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page Breath sampling during milking and feeding vs Respiration chamber (Created page with "For large-scale evaluation of CH4 emissions by individual animals, breath-sampling methods have significant advantages compared with other methods. Breath-sampling methods are non-invasive because, once installed, animals are unaware of the equipment and are in their normal environment. Animals follow their normal routine, which includes milking and feeding, so no training of animals, handling, or change of diet is required. Equipment is relatively cheap, although more e...") Tag: Visual edit
• 20:29, 14 February 2024 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page SF6 vs Respiration chamber (Created page with "For large-scale evaluation of CH4 emissions by individual animals, the SF6 technique is more useful than respiration chambers. Animal behaviour and intake might be affected by wearing the apparatus, and by daily handling to exchange canisters, but the technique is considerably less intrusive than respiration chambers because cows remain in the herd. Labour and monetary costs for changing canisters each day and for lab analysis are high. Throughput is limited by the numbe...") Tag: Visual edit
• 20:22, 14 February 2024 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page Conclusions (Created page with "Measuring CH4 emission on large numbers of cows is a challenge. The high costs and low throughput of RC restrict their use to research studies measuring CH4 emissions on small numbers of individual animals. Respiration chambers remain the gold standard method, but benchmarking alternative methods against RC is challenging because simultaneous replicate measures per cow are not feasible. Methods like SF6 and GreenFeed require lower capital investment and running costs tha...") Tag: Visual edit
• 20:21, 14 February 2024 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page Merging and sharing data in genetic evaluations (Created page with "Early 2016 an attempt to make cross country evaluations of CH4 emissions from Holstein dairy cattle was initiated. The work was based on data from NL, DK, AUS, UK and IR. In total, 12,820 weekly CH4 emission records from 2,857 cows were available. Although different equipment was used across countries to measure CH4 emissions, the research aimed to define similar CH4 output phenotypes in each country. The analysed CH4 traits, that are available in each country, are (1) C...") Tag: Visual edit
• 20:19, 14 February 2024 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page Recommendations (Created page with "The most important question: what method to use if you need to measure CH4? The answer may be: it depends on what you like to do. In the Table 7 we summarize some experimental conditions and designs, and make recommendations. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Experimental condition and design !Methane measurement method recommendation |- |Need to measure absolute methane values – animal numbers and location not important |Respiration chamber; SF6; GreenFeed |- |Need to rank ani...") Tag: Visual edit
• 20:14, 14 February 2024 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page Methane measuring methods (Created page with "Several factors influence the choice of measurement method such as cost, level of accuracy, precision, scope of application, and scale, which vary across disciplines (Cassandro et al., 2013; Hammond et al., 2016A; Garnsworthy et al., 2019). For instance, genetic selection programs require CH4 measurements on thousands of related individuals under the environmental conditions in which the animals are expected to perform (Falconer and Mackay, 1996). This can be challenging...") Tag: Visual edit
• 20:14, 14 February 2024 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page Laser Methane Detector (Created page with "The laser CH4 detector (LMD) is a highly responsive, hand-held device that is pointed at an animal’s nostrils and measures CH4 column density along the length of the laser beam (ppm.m). In the first implementation of LMD on a farm, measurements for each cow were taken over periods of 15 to 25 seconds between eructation events and could detect CH4 emitted each time the animal breathed out (Chagunda et al., 2009 Sorg et al., 2016, 2017). In a later study with sheep and b...") Tag: Visual edit
• 20:12, 14 February 2024 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page Greenfeed (Created page with "GreenFeed (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, South Dakota, USA) is a sniffer system where breath samples are provided when animals visit a bait station (Huhtanen et al., 2015). GreenFeed Emission Monitoring (GEM) systems are designed for measuring animal emissions in their production environment. As with other sniffer systems, GreenFeed samples breath from individual animals several times (in general 4 to 6 times) per day for short periods (3 to 7 minutes in which an under press...") Tag: Visual edit
• 20:11, 14 February 2024 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page Breath sampling during milk and feeding (Created page with "Several research groups have developed methods to measure CH4 concentration in breath of cows during milking and/or feeding. These are often referred to as ‘sniffer methods’ because they use devices originally designed to detect dangerous gas leaks. Air is sampled near the animal’s nostrils through a tube fixed in a feed bin and connected directly to a gas analyser. The feed bin might be in an automatic milking station (Garnsworthy et al., 2012A, B; Lassen et al.,...") Tag: Visual edit
• 20:10, 14 February 2024 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page SF6 (Created page with "The SF6 technique samples breath over 24 hours, whereas other techniques use spot samples of breath over periods of minutes throughout the day, so diurnal variation has to be considered. The majority of CH4 (87-99%) is released by eructation (Blaxter and Joyce, 1963; Murray et al., 1976), which provides a clear signal for sample processing. Please note that the tracheostomy used in Murray et al. (1976) may have resulted in a higher percentage, but in both publications,...") Tag: Visual edit
• 20:08, 14 February 2024 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page Portable Accumulation Chamber (Created page with "In Australia and New Zealand an alternative method was developed for the short-term measurement of Methane Production Rate (MPR) of sheep using Portable Accumulation Chambers (PAC) during 1 hour without leading discomfort to the animals. Similarly to RC, CH4 emissions recorded in PAC include gases from flatulence in addition to eructed and expired CH4, but only during 1 hour. For a detailed comparison of the PAC and respiration chamber methods see Jonker et al. (2018).") Tag: Visual edit
• 20:07, 14 February 2024 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page PortableAccumulationChamber (Created page with "In Australia and New Zealand an alternative method was developed for the short-term measurement of Methane Production Rate (MPR) of sheep using Portable Accumulation Chambers (PAC) during 1 hour without leading discomfort to the animals. Similarly to RC, CH4 emissions recorded in PAC include gases from flatulence in addition to eructed and expired CH4, but only during 1 hour. For a detailed comparison of the PAC and respiration chamber methods see Jonker et al. (2018).") Tag: Visual edit
• 20:04, 14 February 2024 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page Respiration chamber (Created page with "Respiration chambers are calibrated to be accurate and precise, and are the gold standard for benchmarking new methods. Only respiration chambers measure total emissions from the animal via the oral, nasal and anal routes; all other methods ignore emissions via the anus and only measure CH4 emitted in breath. Breath measurements are justified because 99% of CH4 is emitted from the mouth and nostrils, and only 1% via the anus (Murray et al., 1976). A single animal (or occ...") Tag: Visual edit
• 19:57, 14 February 2024 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page Methane determining factors (Created page with "===DIET AND RUMEN MICROBIOTA=== Table 1 contains a list of dietary or microbiota factors that determine CH₄ production. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Factors !Reference |- |The main determinants of daily methane production are dry matter intake and diet composition: the more feed consumed, and/or the greater the fibre content of the diet, the more methane is produced per day. However, per unit of DMI, and per unit of fat+protein yield the grass diet produced less e...") Tag: Visual edit
• 15:16, 14 December 2023 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page Activity of Feed and Gas Working Group (Created page with "=== OBJECTIVES OF THE FEED AND GAS WORKING GROUP === # Provide a forum for members of ICAR and associated researchers to  collaborate, exchange information and learn from each other on all aspects of: recording and using dry matter intake data, and recording and using methane outputs data. # Maintain, update, promote and extend universal guidelines for recording dry matter intake and methane output in cattle, sheep and goats world-wide # Conduct and report the results...") Tag: Visual edit
• 15:12, 14 December 2023 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page Feed and Gas Working Group Members (Created page with "In June 2015, at the ICAR Technical Meeting held in Krakow, the Board endorsed the Feed and gas Working Group. The Chairperson of the WG is '''Birgit Gredler-Grandl''' === MEMBERS OF THE WORKING GROUP === * Christine Baes * Karoline Bakke * Lorenzo Benzoni * Raffaella Finocchiaro * Maria Frizzarin * Phil Garnsworthy * Nina Krattenmacher * Jan Lassen * Jennie Pryce * Caeli Richardson (2023 Brian Wickham Young Persons Exchange Program Bursary) * Rasmus Bak Stephansen =...") Tag: Visual edit
• 08:35, 13 December 2023 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page Definition and Terminology (Created page with "The following table contains a list of important definitions for terms and abbreviations used in guidelines and SOP. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Term !Definition |- !ADF !Acid detergent fibre |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- ! ! |- | | |- | | |- | | |}") Tag: Visual edit
• 15:25, 7 December 2023 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page Recording Dairy Cattle Methane Emission for Genetic Evaluation Guideline (Created page with "prova") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:34, 7 December 2023 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page File:L PortGate.png
• 13:34, 7 December 2023 Lbenzoni talk contribs uploaded File:L PortGate.png
• 13:26, 7 December 2023 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page Sniffer SOP (Created page Sniffer SOP) Tag: Visual edit
• 13:23, 7 December 2023 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page Greenfeed SOP (Created page with "DAIRY AND BEEF GREENFEED STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE (SOP) This document is the report obtained from the presentations, talks, chats and discussions of the Zoom meetings on 5th December 2022 (Dairy) and 7th December 2022 (Beef). In both meetings an introduction was made about the ICAR Feed&Gas Working Group, the objectives of the Working Group, including the revision of the guidelines (Section 20 - Recording Dairy Cattle Methane Emission for Genetic Evaluation) publish...") Tag: Visual edit
• 13:15, 7 December 2023 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page Methane Emission for Genetic Evaluation (Created page with "Guidelines - Recording Dairy Cattle Methane Emission for Genetic Evaluation")
• 14:52, 28 November 2023 Lbenzoni talk contribs created page User:Lbenzoni/sandbox (Created page with "== TEST ==") Tag: Visual edit